The influence of salinity on hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves

Taiwan is surrounded by the sea, and the southwestern seashores are suffering from a growing land subsidence problem caused by the excessive extraction of groundwater. There is also very serious intrusion by seawater along the coastline. These circumstances obstruct any land use, soil remediation or agriculture development in the area. When seawater intrudes, salt gets into the soil. The infiltration, evapotranspiration and the distribution of salinity in the unsaturated soil become a very complex problem. It is vital to investigate the hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves, combined with the salinity in these areas. Therefore, this study's main focus will be the calibration of variations in salinity and their effect on the hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves. In the wetting processes, the salty soil water‐retention curves undergo an upper shift compared with the original soil water‐retention curves because of the higher tension of saltwater. In the drying processes, there is also an upper shift compared with the original curves because the salinity influences the air‐entry pressure. The saltwater's high salinity causes the hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves to experience a greater shift. The changes in salinity also cause changes to the hysteresis curves’ shape factors, which conforms to Huang's model (developed by Huang H.C., Y.C. Tan, C.W. Liu, and C.H. Chen in 2005), the values of α and n. The value of α decreases with the increased salinity. The trend of the n value presents an irregular result. A linear regression of the α^w and α^d values was advanced where the R‐square values of α^w and α^d exceeded 0.97. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则在岩土工程中的应用

对Tresca屈服准则、Mises屈服准则、双剪屈服准则及Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的屈服线、屈服应力进行分析比较,找出了各种屈服准则之间的差异。探讨Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则与其他屈服准则的关系,并确定Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则在岩土工程中的安全性及岩土体破坏时的破裂面位置与滑移线之间的关系。以亚碧罗水电站实测地应力为例,对实测地应力用不同的屈服准则进行分析,论证了Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的安全性及剪切破裂面与滑移线的差异。     

地球物理勘探方法在工程勘察中的综合应用

简要阐述了目前在铁路、公路等工程勘察中广泛应用的浅层折射地震层析及高密度电法两种物探勘探手段的工作方法原理。通过在新建兰新铁路勘察项目中的综合应用实例,说明只要在工作中选择合适的观测参数和解释方法,结合钻孔等相关地质资料,对相对较浅的地质构造、水文地质、小断裂构造及不良地质现象的分布、形态及规模等均可进行较为详细勘察。加上两种方法成果相互验证,不仅提高了勘察精度及可靠性,同时也为铁路、公路等建设施工提供了可靠依据。     

Optimized reservoir operation to balance human and riverine ecosystem needs: model development,and a case study for the Tanghe reservoir,Tang river basin,China

Reservoirs impose many negative impacts on riverine ecosystems. To balance human and ecosystem needs, we propose a reservoir operation method that combines reservoir operating rule curves with the regulated minimum water release policy to meet the environmental flow requirements of riverine ecosystems. Based on the relative positions of the reservoir and the water intakes, we consider three scenarios: water used for human needs (including industrial, domestic and agricultural) is directly withdrawn from (1) the reservoir; (2) both reservoirs and downstream river channels and (3) downstream river. The proposed method offers two advantages over traditional methods: First, it can be applied to finding the optimal reservoir operating rule curves with the consideration of environmental flow requirement, which is beneficial to the sustainable water uses. Second, it avoids a problem with traditional approaches, which prescribe the minimum environmental flow requirements as the regulated minimum environmental flow releases from reservoirs, implicitly giving lower priority to the riverine ecosystem. Our method instead determines the optimal regulated minimum releases of water to sustain environmental flows while more effectively balancing human and ecosystem needs. To demonstrate practical use of the model, we present a case study for operation of the Tanghe reservoir in China's Tang river basin for the three above‐mentioned scenarios. The results demonstrate that this approach will help the reservoir's managers satisfy both human and environmental requirements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩的垂直静载试验极限承载力判定方法综述

桩的垂直静载试验极限承载力（或极限荷载）的确定是试验数据处理的关键。本文汇集编录了极限承载力的各种判定方法，但需指出的是：在具体应用判定试桩的极限承载力时，应以现行规范规定的方法为准，必要时可用其它方法进行校验。     

扬子区晚二叠世—中三叠世海平面变化

本文首先介绍了建立扬子地台晚二叠世－中三叠世海平面变化曲线的步骤，即将由生境型得出的水深曲线按阶转换为海平面变化曲线，然后将扬子区曲线与世界曲线进行了比较，结果表明，晚二叠世至Ｇｒｉｅｓｂａｃｈｉａｎ期，由于世界上绝大部分地区缺上二叠统海相地层序列，扬子区曲线的这一部分可作为修改世界曲线的重要参考，扬子区早－中三叠世短期变化曲线与世界曲线一致，而长期曲线则不相符，扬子区的长期曲线对受印支运动影响的     

Generation of hazard-consistent fragility curves

This paper presents an analytical method for generating fragility curves of structures. In the proposed method, seismic sources, path attenuation, local soil conditions, and nonlinear building behavior are systematically considered. The uncertainties in the earthquake-site-structure system are quantified by considering the uncertainties in the seismic, site, and structural parameters that define the system. For an illustration, the proposed method is used to generate fragility curves and a damge probability matrix for Smith Hall on the main campus of The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.     

Relative performances of central and dipole frequency soundings over a layered earth

Variable frequency soundings in the audio-range replaces shallow conventional direct current methods for determination of layer parameters when surface layer resistivity is high. Central frequency soundings (CFS) is one such method that involves measurement of the existing vertical magnetic field component induced at the centre of a horizontal circular or square loop. Dipole method of frequency sounding using small horizontal coplanar loops (abbreviated DFS) measuring the same field component is also considered. Theoretical studies on CFS and DFS over two- and three-layer horizontally stratified earth are carried out and the response characteristics computed and analysed.Theoretical response curves for CFS and DFS over two- and three-layer earth models are presented in convenient forms. Response curves under similar geological-physical conditions are compared. The study indicates that the relative superiority of a method is controlled largely by the nature of the conductivity contrast and the ratio of the first layer thickness to loop radius or dipole separation. While CFS shows a better resolution of conductivity contrast, DFS works better at high frequencies. For resistive substratum, however, both lack proper resolution.     

三层层状介质中瑞利波的频散曲线特征

在前人工作的基础上对三层层状介质的瑞利波频散曲线进行了正演模拟研究,对假定的几组典型模型参数的频散曲线进行了认真分析。通过分析可知,各频散曲线之间是互不相交的,从而对此问题有了一个更清晰的认识。指出当低速软弱夹层存在时频散曲线的特点,并根据分析结果,说明"之"字形频散曲线的形成机理。