基于DCT-PLS算法的MODIS LST缺值填补方法研究

受云层、传感器误差等因素影响,中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）获取的地表温度产品（LST）在时间和空间上存在大量缺失数据,严重影响了基于时间序列数据的分析与应用。本文引进一种基于离散余弦变换与惩罚最小二乘的多维数据快速平滑方法（DCT-PLS）,利用数据集自身的时间和空间信息填补缺值。本文在粤港澳大湾区开展实证研究,将DCT-PLS算法用于填补该地区2001年1月—2017年12月的月值MODIS LST数据缺值,并引入人工模拟缺值对算法进行误差分析与精度验证。算法误差分析结果表明,填补误差主要来源于三维算法对数据集中有偏LST时间信息的使用,并因此产生显著高估或低估的填补结果。基于此,本文提出了利用MODIS LST数据集自身时间序列信息自动计算获取有效辅助LST信息的优化策略,从而实现填补算法计算效率和精度的提升：平均计算时间从12.0 s提高至1.7 s,平均R从0.94提高至0.97,平均RMSE从1.94 K提高至0.74 K（相较于三维算法）。在大湾区的填补结果表明（日间结果：R=0.98、RMSE=0.79 K;夜间结果：R=0.99、RMSE=0.56 K）,优化后的DCT-PLS算法可以快速鲁棒地填补MODIS LST月值数据产品中的缺值,并且具有稳定性强、不依赖外部数据集的计算特性,能够适应长时间序列MODIS LST缺值填补。     

激光掩星探测大气UTLS温度和水汽的方法及仿真

以高精度和高垂直分辨率探测大气区间对流层顶—平流层底UTLS (Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere,5—35 km)的温度和水汽廓线是提高大气条件变化监测水平的关键,而利用激光掩星方法同时探测温度和水汽则是对现有探测技术的重要补充。本文研究了激光掩星协同探测和反演温度和水汽分子数密度的方法,其中重点研究了双吸收波长近红外激光反演温度的方法,具体为从近红外波段氧气吸收光谱中,选择2个不同跃迁能级对应的特征吸收峰,在每个吸收峰附近各选出1个吸收线,利用2个吸收线对应的双吸收波长激光以及参考线对应波长激光进行掩星探测,进而由探测数据反演出温度。整个温度和水汽协同反演步骤是先反演温度廓线,然后由温度廓线以及5 km参考高度处的压强先验值计算得到压强廓线,最后在温度和压强廓线基础上,结合水汽单吸收波长和参考波长激光掩星数据,反演得到水汽分子数密度廓线。此外,本文对探测和反演过程进行了模拟仿真,通过在近红外波段选择合适的氧气吸收波长和水汽吸收波长,模拟得到掩星透过率数据,以此反演得到温度和水汽分子数密度廓线。并通过对整个过程的分析,明确了反演过程中的误差项及其...     

Temporal and spatial variability of extreme river flow quantiles in the Upper Vistula River basin,Poland

Temporal and spatial variability in extreme quantile anomalies of seasonal and annual maximum river flows was studied for 41 gauging stations at rivers in the Upper Vistula River basin, Poland. Using the quantile perturbation method, the temporal variability in anomalies was analysed. Interdecadal oscillating components were extracted from the series of anomalies using the Hilbert‐Huang transform method. Period length, part of variance of each component, and part of unexplained variance were assessed. Results show an oscillating pattern in the temporal occurrence of extreme flow quantiles with clusters of high values in the 1960–1970s and since the late 1990s and of low values in the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s. The anomalies show a high variability on the right bank of the Upper Vistula River basin during the summer season with the highest values in catchments located in the western and south‐western parts of the basin. River flow extreme quantiles were found to be associated with large‐scale climatic variables from the regions of the North Atlantic Ocean, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Asia, and, to a lesser extent, the Pacific Ocean. Similarities between temporal variability of river flows and climatic factors were revealed. Results of the study are important for flood frequency analysis because a long observation period is necessary to capture clusters of high and low river flows.     

日长年际变化,ElNino／南方涛动和大气准两年振荡的小波分析

本文采用1964-1993年期间日长变化序列、海平面气压和纬向风速资料，通过小波变换等技术研究分析日长年际变化与ElNino／南方涛动、大气准两年振荡之间的关系．结果表明，日长年际变化与ElNino／南方涛动存在着相似的谱结构，而且ElNino／南方涛动叠加上大气准两年振荡后，与日长变化序列的小波变换时频谱更趋于一致．本文研究结果证实，ElNino／南方涛动和大气准两年振荡的贡献基本能够解释地球自转的年际变化．     

大地电磁的多尺度反演

对于迭代方式的参数化反演方法,如何使反演结果稳定地收敛到整体极小仍是目前大地电磁（MT）反演中急需解决的问题．本文利用小波变换理论中的多尺度分析方法将大地电磁反问题分解为依赖于尺度变量的反问题序列,然后按尺度从大到小的次序依次求解,求解过程中前一个尺度反问题的解作为下一个尺度反问题的初始模型,直到来出对应于尺度为0的原反问题的解为止．该方法称为多尺度反演方法．数值试验和实际资料的反演结果表明,该方法可有效改善传统广义逆反演方法易陷入局部极小的弊端．     

中国大陆地壳密度差异多尺度反演

利用小波分析方法原理,在对中国布格重力异常多尺度分解的基础上,反演了各种尺度意义下中国大陆地壳的密度差异,给出了中国大陆地壳中相对密度差异的空间分布,为研究中国大陆地壳构造、进行深部地质研究提供了新结果．     

重力异常频率域分离方法及应用

用Ｎｅｔｔｌｅｔｏｎ等人的方法,将区域场与局部异常振幅进行了滤波分离。针对常规多边形滤波器判别速度慢的特点,制定了一种快速判别的计算方案,并进行理论模型验证,最终用于实测重力资料的处理。     

Estimation of codaQ using the maximum likelihood method

A seismic coda wave from local earthquakes is an indication of heterogeneity in the crust and upper mantle, and codaQ (Q _c ) is the parameter defining the temporal decay of the coda wave. ButQ _c estimates obtained with the conventional least-square method are not based on any solid statistical background, assuming the Gaussian distributiona priori. In this study, we propose a statistically reliable estimation method of estimatingQ _c using the maximum likelihood method, and show its validity and usefulness with the data from the 1986 Joint Seismological Research in the western Nagano Prefecture. We found first that theQ _c estimation with the maximum likelihood method is statistically valid and its reliability can be checked with the -square test. Next,Q _c around Ohtaki village, within the studied area, is estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The averageQ _c value at low frequencies (up to 2 Hz) is one of the lowest in the world, which is in harmony with the geological setting of the site condition directly above an active fault.     

Modeling of Wave Dispersion Using Continuous Wavelet Transforms

In the estimate of dispersion with the help of wavelet analysis considerable emphasis has been put on the extraction of the group velocity using the modulus of the wavelet transform. In this paper we give an asymptotic expression of the full propagator in wavelet space that comprises the phase velocity as well. This operator establishes a relationship between the observed signals at two different stations during wave propagation in a dispersive and attenuating medium. Numerical and experimental examples are presented to show that the method accurately models seismic wave dispersion and attenuation.