高应力条件下的岩芯电磁性能变化

根据标准晶格模型理论,在高应力作用下,岩石的Si-O键最外层电子将被挤入晶格间隙里,松散外逸的电子云在电场中将产生直流电流（DC）,进而吸收电磁波,转换成交流电流（AC）。直流电流来源于量子力学穿隧效应电子和断键电子。穿隧效应电子的形成过程和原理:氧原子的最外电子被束缚在浅位能井（shallow potential well）（0.38 V）,当高应力作用时,电子吸收部分能量,增加其动能,虽然这种轻微的动能增加不足以使电子克服并跳出它的位能井（potential well）,但它足以增加穿过井壁（well wall）进入晶格空隙间的概率,这个概率乘以可用氧原子的数目即为由于隧穿效应形成电子云的电子数量,其量级通常为微微库伦（picocoulombs）到纳米库伦（nanocoulombs）。断键电子的形成过程和原理:从微裂纹开始断裂键释放电子,并且裂纹成核点极可能开始是平行排列的,每当Si-O键断裂时,就会产生一个+Si悬键,伴随着一个自由电子附着在-O原子上,这个电子将从原子跃迁到原子,这种电子电流与裂纹的表面积和电池电极的收集效率成正比。断键形成的电子云比穿隧效应多很多。两种电子均被试验所证实。在高应力条件下岩石破裂之前,由电子穿隧效应,DC缓慢增加,随着岩石破裂的发生而导致断键电子增多,DC急剧增加;AC的电压振幅（V）随电流（I）增大而减小,当电流减小到正常时,在岩石破裂后电压振幅回归正常;遵守能量守恒原理,吸收的电磁波能量（E）与交流电流功率（V×I）相等,即E=V×I。研究结果表明电磁波监测可用于探测地壳高应力变化和岩石破裂特征,当应力达到岩体断裂的临界强度时,其应变晶体结构开始释放越来越多的外逸电子,最终岩体晶体结构断裂产生一个地震或滑动事件。岩石破裂的电磁性能变化研究可用于研发电磁波地学监测仪器,电磁波监测可以作为地应力监测的一种补充和对比分析方法,两种方法相结合比地应力监测一种方法更可靠。此外,在高应力条件下岩石还有其它现象:应变蠕变辐射、光发射、声发射、静电等,这些现象的观测也是预测地质事件需要考虑的条件。      

Analysis of formation and slope stability in Caofeidian Channel in Bohai Bay

In this paper, by studying bathymetric survey and shallow seismic detection data over multiple periods of history, the authors outline the geomorphic features of the Caofeidian Channel. The results of our studies indicate that the channel at the front end is dominated by erosion. The maximum water depth reaches 42.2 m, which sets the highest record for the water depth in Bohai Bay; the authors preliminarily conclude that the formation of the early channel occurred because the subsidence rate of the deep structure is slightly smaller than the deposition rate of the upper strata, and the Caofeidian Channel has existed for a long time, over 20 ka. The trending of the channel experienced a transition from the NS to the NE and then NW direction; the authors conclude that endogenic and exogenic processes, such as geological structures, the evolution of the ancient Luanhe River Delta, marine hydrodynamics, and human activity, jointly control the development and evolution of the geographic system in the Caofeidian sea area. The slope stabilities under the extreme conditions of a heavy storm and an earthquake are analyzed by performing simulations.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Reconstruction of phytoplankton productivity and community structure in the South Yellow Sea

The sedimentary environment and ecological system in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) changed dramatically due to sea level change caused by glacial-interglacial cycles. The authors report the use of marine biomarkers (brassicasterol, dinosterol and C³⁷ alkenones) and terrigenous biomarkers (C²⁸+C³⁰+C³² n-alkanols) in core DLC70-3 from the SYS to reconstruct the variation in the phytoplankton productivity and community structure and possible mechanisms during the middle Pleistocene. The results show that the primary productivity and that of single algae presented a consistent trend for the whole core during the middle Pleistocene, which was high during interglacial periods and low during glacial periods, with the highest being in marine isotope stage (MIS) 5–9 and MIS 19–21. The main reason is that the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) carried much of high temperature, high salinity water into the SYS, causing upwelling and vertical mixing and stirring, which increased the nutrient supply in the photosynthetic layer. The phytoplankton community structure mainly showed an increase in the relative content of haptophytes in MIS 5–9 and MIS 19–21, while the relative content of diatoms and dinoflagellates decreased; there was no evidence for a haptophyte content in other stages. The results reveal a shift from a coccolitho-phorid-dominated community during MIS 5 –9 and MIS 19 –21 to a diatom-dominated community during the other stages, mainly as a result of surface salinity variation, attributed to the invasion of the YSWC during high sea level periods.     

DISCONTINUOUS FLOW OF TURBID DENSITY CURRENTS I. CHANNEL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Laboratory experiments on turbid density currents were conducted to observe the flow features of these currents with abrupt contracted and expanded reaches. Experimental data were used to determine water entrainment coefficients for both channel expansion and contraction. Expressions for turbid density currents with water entrainment coefficients in abrupt contracted and expanded reaches were derived, and compared with experimental data.     

Eruption and emplacement of a laterally extensive, crystal-rich, and pumice-free ignimbrite (the Cretaceous Kusandong Tuff, Korea)

The Cretaceous Kusandong Tuff, Korea, is a thin (1–5 m thick) but laterally extensive (~ 200 km) silicic ignimbrite emplaced in a fluviolacustrine basin adjacent to a continental volcanic arc. The tuff has been used as an excellent key bed because of its great lateral continuity and unique lithology, characterized by the virtual absence of juvenile clasts and an abundance of quartz and feldspar crystals (up to 55–73 vol.%). The tuff is mostly massive and ungraded and locally shows crude internal layering, basal inverse grading and near-top normal grading of crystals, either erosional or non-erosional lower surfaces, and flat-lying to imbricated grain fabrics. Fragile intraformational clasts of mudstone and tuff are also included. These features provide only ambiguous information on the properties of the responsible pyroclastic density currents: i.e. whether they were dense and laminar or dilute and turbulent. The overall lateral continuity and sheet-like geometry of the tuff suggests, however, that the transport system of the currents was highly expanded, dilute, and turbulent. A plug-flow or slab-flow model cannot explain the origin of crude internal layering, imbricated grain fabrics, and the high crystal content, which is most likely the result of vigorous sorting processes within a dilute and turbulent current. Features indicative of deposition from a dense and laminar transporting medium are locally present, suggesting that a dense and laminar depositional system could develop locally at the base of the dilute and turbulent transport system. The virtual absence of juvenile clasts in the tuff is interpreted to be due to rapid ascent, sudden decompression, and full fragmentation of silicic magma into fine glass shards and crystals. Scarcity of basement-derived accidental components together with the absence of pumiceous fallout deposits beneath the tuff is interpreted to be due to shallow-level fragmentation of magma followed by immediate generation of pyroclastic density currents from shallow-level blasts at the onset of eruption. The eruption occurred through multiple vent sites in a short period of time, producing a seemingly single but actually composite ignimbrite unit. Such an eruption was probably possible because of a regional tectonic event within the basin or in its vicinity. It is proposed that a composite ignimbrite with the characteristics of the Kusandong Tuff can be an exemplary product of syntectonic volcanism that can provide an insight into the interpretation of structural and stratigraphic evolution of a sedimentary basin.     

Morphology and evolution of an anastomosed channel network where saline underflow enters the Black Sea

The Bosphorus Strait accommodates two‐way flow between the Aegean and Black Seas. The Aegean (Mediterranean) inflow has speeds of 5 to 15 cm sec^?1 in the strait and a salinity contrast of ～12‰ to 16‰ with the Black Sea surface waters on the shelf. An anastomosed channel network crosses the shelf and in water deeper than 70 m is characterized by first‐order channels 5 to 10 m deep, local lateral accretion bedding, muddy in‐channel barforms, and a variety of sediment waves both on channel floors and bar crests, crevasse channels entering the overbank area and levée/overbank deposits which are radiocarbon‐dated in cores to be younger than ～7·5 to 8·0 ka. This channel network accommodates the saline density current formed by the Mediterranean inflow. The density contrast between the density underflow and the ambient water mass is ～0·01 g cm^?3, similar to the density contrast ascribed to low‐concentration turbidity currents in the deep sea. Channel‐floor deposits are sandy to gravelly with local shell concentrations. Low‐relief bedforms on the channel floor have relatively straight crests, upflow‐dipping cross‐stratification, heights 1 to 1·5 m and wavelengths 85 to 155 m. Bankfull flows are subcritical, so these probably are not antidunes. Bar tops are ornamented locally with mudwaves having heights 1 to 2 m and wavelengths ～20 to 100 m; these are potentially antidunes formed under shallow overbank flows. Towards the shelf edge, the degree of channel bifurcation increases dramatically and bar tops are dissected locally by secondary channels, some of which terminate in hanging valleys. Conical mounds on the shelf (possibly mud volcanoes or sites of fluid seepage) interact with the channel network by promoting accretion of muddy streamlined macroforms in their lee. This channel network may be one of the largest and most accessible natural laboratories on Earth for the study of continuously flowing density currents. Although the driver is salinity contrast, the underflow transports sufficient sediment to form levée wedges and large streamlined barforms, and presumably transports sediment into deep water.     

电法在基桩桩长检测中的应用

应用地下单点电极(或多点电极)与无穷远电极向地下供电产生电场分布的特点,通过检测地表电位差的分布,可以确定地下单点电极(或多点电极)的埋深,从而达到检测混凝土管桩桩长的目的.结合工程项目,对预应力管桩的实际桩长进行了检测,电测井测试对比检验说明检测是成功的.用电法检验工程桩桩长,弥补了低应变反射波法难于有效、精确检测多节预应力管桩实际桩长的困难局面,可有效发现工程质量隐患.     

广东一次补充型冷空气过程分析

本文通过对2001年1月的一次强冷空气过程分析，总结出在500hPa南槽北脊高低纬反位相配置形势下，不利于冷空气南下越时南岭，低层冷空气只能在南岭北侧堆积，但当冷空气堆积到南岭两侧温差超过10℃以上，南岭以北的冷空气积聚已达临界值，一次不太强的冷空气补充也会使冷空气冲破南岭屏障，这时影响广东的冷空气已经是前几次叠加，强度明显加强。     

松辽盆地中浅层幕式排烃与断距增长耦合

超压盆地幕式排烃作用是盆地流体研究中热点问题,而源岩内排烃生长断层的报道很少.研究表明松辽盆地凹陷中央主力烃源岩青山口组发育排烃生长断层,这些浅层生长断层形成于嫩江组末期至明水组末期.这种排烃生长断层的形成机制是幕式排烃过程中由于"泵压效应"使含烃流体从源岩向储集层注入的结果.当源岩过剩压力达到源岩破裂极限时,源岩发生断裂或使原有断层再次开启增长,含烃流体发生向下或向上部储层的排烃作用,随着烃类的排出,过剩压力不断减小,排烃过程趋于停止伴随超压流体释放,研究区呈现向下排烃、向上排烃和上下双向排烃3种样式,由于这一排烃过程是多次出现的,随着多次反复的排烃,排烃断层的断距也不断增长,导致排烃期与断层断距增长具有良好的耦合关系,研究成果为超压封存箱上下层油气勘探提供了新的思路.     

河南省寺家沟银多金属矿区复杂地层绳索取心钻进技术

河南省陕县崤山地区寺家沟-宽平一带银多金属矿区ZKS001孔,设计孔深900 m,直孔。上部地层坚硬破碎,裂隙发育,漏失严重,坍塌掉块,进尺缓慢,取心困难,钻进过程中钻头、钻杆磨损严重,造成多次钻杆断裂事故。钻孔位于山沟交汇处,严重涌水,从200～460 m,多处存在夹层泥,钻孔缩径。施工时由于钻进技术措施不当,导致钻进困难,引发事故,延误工期,增加了施工成本。本文介绍了该孔钻探施工技术措施,总结的经验教训可供类似工程参考借鉴。