Seismic Passive Earth Pressure Behind Non-vertical Retaining Wall Using Pseudo-dynamic Analysis

This paper shows a detailed study on the seismic passive earth pressure behind a non-vertical cantilever retaining wall using pseudo-dynamic analysis. A planar failure surface has been considered behind the retaining wall. The effects of soil friction angle, wall inclination, wall friction angle, horizontal and vertical earthquake acceleration on the passive earth pressure have been explored. Unlike the Mononobe–Okabe method, which incorporates pseudo-static analysis, the present analysis predicts a nonlinear variation of passive earth pressure along the wall. The results have been thoroughly compared with the existing values in the literature.     

Numerical experiments on the generation of long ocean waves in coastal waters of the Buenos Aires province,Argentina

A numerical model (two horizontal dimensions, vertically integrated) is used to investigate the generation of long ocean waves, ranging from 20 min to almost 2 h, at Buenos Aires continental shelf. The domain includes the Río de la Plata estuary and the continental shelf together and extends from 33.5° to 40.5°S latitude, and from 51° to 63°W longitude. Sea-level oscillations are modeled by forcing with passage of atmospheric cold fronts and atmospheric gravity waves. Both forcing mechanisms, which have been present during high activity lapses of long ocean waves, are mathematically implemented. After several numerical simulations, it is concluded that the pressure and wind fields associated to cold fronts do not generate long ocean waves in the area, though they do produce disturbances with periods longer than the tidal ones. On the other hand, it is so concluded that atmospheric gravity waves are an effective mechanism to force long ocean waves. Results obtained show that generation of long ocean waves is highly sensitive depending on the propagation direction and the phase speed of the atmospheric gravity waves. The long ocean wave event detected during the large-amplitude gravity-wave event of 13 October 1985 is successfully simulated. Finally, all our results suggest that atmospheric gravity waves are a highly effective mechanism forcing for the generation of long ocean waves in Buenos Aires coastal waters.     

Capillary pressure for the sand–CO2–water system under various pressure conditions. Application to CO2 sequestration

Accurate modeling of storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in heterogeneous aquifers requires experiments of the capillary pressure as function of temperature and pressure. We present a method with which static drainage and imbibition capillary pressures can be measured continuously as a function of saturation at various temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions. The measurements are carried out at (T, P) conditions of practical interest. Static conditions can be assumed as small injection rates are applied. The capillary pressure curves are obtained for the unconsolidated sand–distilled water–CO₂ system. The experimental results show a decrease of drainage and imbibition capillary pressure for increasing CO₂ pressures and pronounced dissolution rate effects for gaseous CO₂. Significant capillary pressure fluctuations and negative values during imbibition are observed at near critical conditions. The measurement procedure is validated by a numerical model that simulates the experiments.     

Petrologic constraints on the decompression history of magma prior to Vulcanian explosions at the Soufrière Hills volcano,Montserrat

A series of 88 Vulcanian explosions occurred at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, between August and October, 1997. Conduit conditions conducive to creating these and other Vulcanian explosions were explored via analysis of eruptive products and one-dimensional numerical modeling of magma ascent through a cylindrical conduit. The number densities and textures of plagioclase microlites were documented for twenty-three samples from the events. The natural samples all show very high number densities of microlites, and > 50% by number of microlites have areas < 20 μm². Pre-explosion conduit conditions and decompression history have been inferred from these data by comparison with experimental decompressions of similar groundmass compositions. Our comparisons suggest quench pressures < 30 MPa (origin depths < 2 km) and multiple rapid decompressions of > 13.75 MPa each during ascent from chamber to surface. Values are consistent with field studies of the same events and statistical analysis of explosion time-series data. The microlite volume number density trend with depth reveals an apparent transition from growth-dominated crystallization to nucleation-dominated crystallization at pressures of ∼ 7 MPa and lower. A concurrent sharp increase in bulk density marks the onset of significant open-system degassing, apparently due to a large increase in system permeability above ∼ 70% vesicularity. This open-system degassing results in a dense plug which eventually seals the conduit and forms conditions favorable to Vulcanian explosions. The corresponding inferred depth of overpressure at 250–700 m, near the base of the dense plug, is consistent with depth to center of pressure estimated from deformation measurements. Here we also illustrate that one-dimensional models representing ascent of a degassing, crystal-rich magma are broadly consistent with conduit profiles constructed via our petrologic analysis. The comparison between models and petrologic data suggests that the dense conduit plug forms as a result of high overpressure and open-system degassing through conduit walls.     

桩筏基础下地基土的荷载传递特性

桩筏基础由桩和筏组成一种联合基础，筏将大部分总荷载传递给桩，同时其本身也承担总荷载的一部分。因此，充分认识桩筏基础对上部荷载向地基土的传递特性是非常必要的。该文提出一个桩筏基础传递荷载的计算模型，模型考虑了桩的布置形式对地基接触压力的影响，同时还考虑了桩的受荷过程中的变化特性，并详细分析了桩与筏之间的荷载分配问题。     

深埋隧道外水压力计算的解析-数值法

在高水头富水区，抗水压衬砌设计的关键在于外水压力的计算。深埋隧道排水时，沿轴线方向上流入隧道的水量来自于隧道掌子面的前方，当隧道施工足够长度后，可以认为已施工断面的地下水只从隧道两侧向断面内运动，此时可将三维问题处理为二维。对于深埋隧道，当其断面远小于水头时，可处理为一个点井；隧道全断面排水时，隧道断面线可处理为定流量边界。首先建立隧道排水的水文地质概念模型，采和经验解析法预测隧道的涌水量，然后将涌水量代入隧道围岩渗流的剖面二维模型，模拟隧道排水时围岩渗流场的分布，再采用作用系数的方法计算出隧道衬砌的外水压力。     

高压旋喷双液分喷法在高层建筑地基加固中的应用

广东花都市新世纪大厦是一座29层的四星级宾馆，其场地素填土、第四系冲积层分散、基岩溶沟、溶槽发育，第四系孔隙水与基岩岩溶裂隙水通过导水天窗发生水力联系。大厦地基处理工程是项大型的复杂岩土工程，采用高压（30－38MPa）旋 喷双液分喷法处理后，对施工的2653根桩进行了雷达扫描，检测结果桩身质量良好，桩体分布均匀；抽样291根桩的小应变检测亦表明，桩身完整，桩体密度、单桩与桩土复合地基的允许承载力均达到或超过设计要求；35个点的19次沉降观测，大厦基础9个月累计沉降0．965－0．892mm，符合规范要求；设计方和建设方对大厦地基加固工程给予了较高的评价。     

吐哈盆地水文地质条件研究

铀成矿层间氧化带的形成，发育与地下水的形成演化密切相关，本文采用古水文地质的分析方法，对吐哈盆地地下水的演化史进行了研究，定量确定了地静压力系统和水静压力系统对沉积水的改造作用，计算了压挤水和渗入水的水交替强度，指出了铀成矿层间氧化带发育的有利地区。     

散体材料桩复合地基极限承载力计算

以土力学及弹塑性理论为基础，分析了散体材料桩的塑性应力分布。推导出了单桩极限承载力和单桩复合地基的极限承载力计算公式。得出了提高桩体材料的内摩擦角和桩周土对桩的径向围限力是提高散体材料桩复合地基承载力的有效途径的结论。给出了工程实例，验证了文中计算公式的实用性。     

饱和黄土孔压增长模式与液化机理试验研究

通过室内饱和原状黄土液化试验研究，探讨了孔压增长规律，并从微观结构角度研究了黄土液化机理。研究结果表明：未湿陷饱和黄土结构是一种介稳结构，在地震作用下，介稳结构遭到破坏，塌发和剪缩共同作用造成黄土较大的收缩体积应变并引起孔隙水压力迅速上升。提出的修正A型曲线方程可以用来拟合孔压曲线，拟合参数β隐含了动应力的大小对孔压增长的贡献，而体应变v则反映了湿陷分量对孔压的影响，两者不同组合决定曲线形态丰满程度。液体机理较为合理地解释了塔吉克和海原黄土在近乎平坦的缓坡上形成的泥流。