Primary Ore Mineral Assemblage and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Batu Hijau Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia

Abstract. The Batu Hijau porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, is associated with a tonalitic intrusive complex. The temperature‐pressure condition of mineralization at the Batu Hijau deposit is discussed on the basis of fluid inclusion microthermometry. Then, the initial Cu‐Fe sulfide mineral assemblage is discussed. Bornite and chalcopyrite are major copper ore minerals associated with quartz veinlets. The quartz veinlets have been classified into ‘A’ veinlets associated with bornite, digenite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite, ‘B’ veinlets having chalcopyrite bornite along vuggy center‐line, rare ‘C’ chalcopyrite‐quartz veinlets, and late ‘D’ veinlets consisting of massive pyrite and quartz (Clode et al., 1999). Copper and gold mineralization is associated with abundant ‘A’ quartz veinlets. Abundant fluid inclusions are found in veinlet quartz consisting mainly of gas‐rich inclusions and polyphase inclusions throughout the veinlet types. The hydrothermal activity occurred in temperature‐pressure conditions of aqueous fluid immiscibility into hypersaline brine and dilute vapor. The halite dissolution (Tm[halite]) and liquid‐vapor homogenization (Th) temperatures of the polyphase inclusions in veinlet quartz range from 270 to 472d?C and from 280 to 454d?C, respectively. The estimated salinity ranges from 36 to 47 wt% (NaCl equiv.). The apparent pressures lower than 300 bars are estimated to have been along the liquid‐vapor‐halite curve for the fluid inclusions having the Th lower than the Tm that trapped the brine saturated with halite, or at slightly higher pressure relative to liquid‐vapor‐halite curve for the fluid inclusions having the Th higher than the Tm that trapped the brine unsaturated with halite. The actual temperature and pressure during the hydrothermal activity at the Batu Hijau deposit are estimated to have been around 300d?C and 50 bars. At such temperature‐pressure conditions, the principal and initial Cu‐Fe sulfide mineral assemblages are thought to be chalcopyrite + bornite solid solution (bnss) for the chalcopyrite‐bearing assemblage, and chalcocite‐digenite solid solution and bnss for the chalcopyrite‐free assemblage.     

Geologic and geotechnical effects of an impact caused by an airplane crash

A Turkish Airlines (THY) Boeing 737-400 plane crashed into alluvial soils creating an approximately 13 m deep and 30 m wide crater near the village of Adatepe, Ceyhan in southern Turkey. Effects of the impact on the soils in and around the crater were investigated from both the geological and soil mechanics point of view.

The results show that the impact caused severe deformations in the soils in and around the crater. The soils deformed similar to metamorphic rocks seen at many terrestrial hypervelocity impact craters around the world and became overconsolidated up to a distance of about 10 m from the crater wall as a result of the impact.

Also, the crash was recorded as a 2.7 magnitude earthquake by a nearby microtremor seismograph which provided both the location (epicenter) and time of the crash which was not known immediately after the crash.     

Modeling of in-situ crystallization processes in the Permian mafic layered intrusion of Mont Collon (Dent Blanche nappe, western Alps)

The Mont Collon mafic complex is one of the best preserved examples of the Early Permian magmatism in the Central Alps, related to the intra-continental collapse of the Variscan belt. It mostly consists (> 95 vol.%) of ol + hy-normative plagioclase-wehrlites, olivine- and cpx-gabbros with cumulitic structures, crosscut by acid dikes. Pegmatitic gabbros, troctolites and anorthosites outcrop locally. A well-preserved cumulative sequence is exposed in the Dents de Bertol area (center of intrusion). P–T calculations indicate that this layered magma chamber emplaced at mid-crustal levels at about 0.5 GPa and 1100 °C. The Mont Collon cumulitic rocks record little magmatic differentiation, as illustrated by the restricted range of clinopyroxene mg-number (Mg#_cpx = 83–89). Whole-rock incompatible trace-element contents (e.g. Nb, Zr, Ba) vary largely and without correlation with major-element composition. These features are characteristic of an in-situ crystallization process with variable amounts of interstitial liquid L trapped between the cumulus mineral phases. LA-ICPMS measurements show that trace-element distribution in the latter is homogeneous, pointing to subsolidus re-equilibration between crystals and interstitial melts. A quantitative modeling based on Langmuir's in-situ crystallization equation successfully duplicated the REE concentrations in cumulitic minerals of all rock facies of the intrusion. The calculated amounts of interstitial liquid L vary between 0 and 35% for degrees of differentiation F of 0 to 20%, relative to the least evolved facies of the intrusion. L values are well correlated with the modal proportions of interstitial amphibole and whole-rock incompatible trace-element concentrations (e.g. Zr, Nb) of the tested samples. However, the in-situ crystallization model reaches its limitations with rock containing high modal content of REE-bearing minerals (i.e. zircon), such as pegmatitic gabbros. Dikes of anorthositic composition, locally crosscutting the layered lithologies, evidence that the Mont Collon rocks evolved in open system with mixing of intercumulus liquids of different origins and possibly contrasting compositions. The proposed model is not able to resolve these complex open systems, but migrating liquids could be partly responsible for the observed dispersion of points in some correlation diagrams. Absence of significant differentiation with recurrent lithologies in the cumulitic pile of Dents de Bertol points to an efficiently convective magma chamber, with possible periodic replenishment.     

钻孔灌注桩后压浆作用机理与应用

通过对桩侧和桩底后压浆,可大幅度提高钻孔灌注桩单桩承载力.应用桩-土理论分析了后压浆中浆液对土体及桩体的作用,并从分析影响桩基承载力的因素出发,研究了后压浆的作用机理.在渗透率小的地层中后压浆以压密注浆为主,在渗透率大的地层中后压浆以渗透注浆为主.为避免过分压裂土层,在压浆过程中应控制灌浆压力.压浆量是影响后压浆质量和提高单桩承载力的关键因素之一.     

Petrology of the Jurassic Shah-Kuh granite (eastern Iran), with reference to tin mineralization

The Shah-Kuh granitic pluton of eastern Central Iran was emplaced 165 Ma ago, in an active continental margin setting. It is made of two main units: a granodioritic unit (SiO₂=63–71 wt%) to the north–west and a syenogranitic unit (SiO₂=73–77 wt%) to the south–east. The former unit displays seriate medium-grained textures and contains locally abundant mafic enclaves. The latter unit is medium- to coarse-grained and porphyritic, with 0.5–3 cm long K-feldspar megacrysts. Fine-grained granitic bodies are present in both units. The rocks are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous (I-type) and peraluminous (S-type) and belong to the ilmenite-series granites. Fractional crystallization appears to have been a very effective differentiation process in both units, and the fractionated mineral assemblages are determined by mass balance calculations. Isotopic data (Sr_i=0.7065 and εNdt=−2.5) are consistent with a young upper crustal protolith. Tin mineralization in sheeted quartz-tourmaline (-cassiterite) veins is spatially associated with the granodioritic unit. The veins formed by hydraulic fracturing when the granodioritic to monzogranitic magma became water-saturated and exsolved a fluid phase during crystallization. The reduced nature of this magma is responsible for the incompatible behaviour of Sn, likely to favour Sn concentration in the residual melt and then in the exsolved fluid. Another fluid phase was exsolved by the syenogranitic magma and was responsible for local greisenized granites, characterized by high Y and HREE-contents and non-fractionated REE distribution patterns. Field and mineralogical data show that the (B, Sn) vein-forming fluid was different from the (F, Li) greisen-forming fluid.     

箱形基础上浮病害整治技术

结合箱形基础不均匀上浮工程病害实例，综合分析了病害原因，提出了应用高压灌浆和抗浮锚杆工艺进行处治的方案。     

乌江渡水电站岩溶地区高压灌浆施工特殊情况的处理

乌江渡水电站扩机地下厂房防渗帷幕工程身处岩溶发育地区，工程地质条件复杂，地质构造以层间错动断层为主，并有部分陡倾角断层发育,岩层受构造挤压强烈，断层、节理、破碎带发育；水平岩溶、垂直岩溶发育。以此工程为例介绍了高压灌浆施工工艺，阐述了岩溶地区高压灌浆过程中出现的特殊问题并提出了处理措施。     

广西百色水电站边坡治理工程

文章通过广西右江百色水利枢纽地下发电厂房进水口与尾水洞高边坡的治理，介绍在此工程中具有特殊性的一些施工方法。该工程地质体为弱风化硅质泥岩夹泥化夹层、强风化含洞穴硅质泥岩石、强风化硅质岩及全强风化辉绿岩，地质条件非常复杂，对坡体的稳定极其不利。根据三维有限元的分析计算和国内有关权威专家的调查研究需施工1500kN、1000kN的锚索方能保证坡体的永久稳定。大吨位的锚索需锚固在强风化岩土体上，锚索设计采用能提高锚固力的防腐型压力分散锚索。通过现场锚索基本试验，其锚固力完全能满足工程需要。为保证进水口总体施工的进度，在施工进水口约30m高的垂直壁上的锚索时，笔者采用了通常施工中较少采用的垂直壁悬吊式施工法，满足了水电站的整体施工进度和要求。     

云南个（旧）-冷（墩）公路K22＋336回头湾段边坡治理工程研究

目前，在我国地质灾害防治及道路建设工程中，岩土锚固施工大多采用单一的拉力型锚索工法。一般锚索索体的长效防腐问题没有得到应有的重视。文章对云南省个旧-冷墩公路边坡工程中所采用的压力分散型锚索工法从设计、试验及成功应用等多方面进行了详细介绍。①在一些复杂地形条件下，锚索防护方案有其独特的经济实用性。②在地基承载力较低的软弱地层中，常用的拉力型锚索无法提供防护工程所需的大吨位锚固力。而有多个受力体的压力分散型锚索则因其对锚固段全长范围内地基承载力的充分利用来提供较大吨位的锚固力；③永久锚索防护工程作为一项具有隐蔽性强特点的结构工程，为保证在其报务年限内锚索能够可靠地工作，在设计阶段，锚索体的长效防腐应为不能忽略的主要考虑因素。在该工程中首次应用了新型高强材料——环氧全喷涂无粘结钢绞线作为锚索体的杆材，较好地解决了永久锚固工程中的锚索防腐问题。