Dynamic responses of a saturated poroelastic half-space generated by a moving truck on the uneven pavement

A truck–pavement–ground coupling model was established to study the dynamic responses of a saturated poroelastic half-space generated by a moving heavy truck on the uneven pavement. The ground was simulated as a fully saturated poroelastic half-space governed by Biot’s theory. The overlying pavement was simplified as a Kirchhoff thin plate. With the assumption of a sinusoidal pavement surface, the dynamic wheel–pavement force was obtained through a linear Hertizian contact model. The numerical results showed that this dynamic load could make considerable contributions to the stress and excess pore water pressure responses in the ground. Furthermore, the effective stress path of the soil unit beneath the pavement caused by the moving truck was firstly calculated and presented. It was found that the differences between the total stress path and the effective stress path became significant as the truck speed increased, thus the effective stress path was more suitable than total stress path to reflect the stress history of soil elements in the saturated ground during the passage of high-speed traffics.     

Energy requirement for a working dynamo

There has for many years been interest in finding necessary conditions for dynamo action. These are usually expressed in terms of bounds on integrated properties of the flow. The bounds can clearly be improved when the flow structure can be taken into account. Recent research presents techniques for finding optimised dynamos (that is with the lowest dynamo threshold) subject to constraints, (e.g. with fixed mean square vorticity). It is natural to ask if such an optimum solution can exist when the mean square velocity is fixed. The aim of this note is to show that this is not the case and in fact that a steady or periodic dynamo can exist in a bounded conductor with an arbitrarily small value of the kinetic energy.     

插桩过程对临近平台桩基础的影响研究

由于大型自升式钻井船的插桩位置通常距离海上钻井与采油平台较近,桩靴的插入过程可能会对临近平台的桩基础承载力和稳定性产生不利影响。以实际工程为背景,运用球孔扩张理论推导挤土效应产生的水平附加应力大小及其范围;提出一种近似考虑动力挤土效应的拟静力数值模拟方法,分析桩靴下沉到不同深度处时的桩基承载力、桩身应力和最大水平位移,并与静力分析结果进行对比。研究表明,桩靴插入过程对周围土体产生巨大的挤压和扰动作用,使得桩基承载力降低,桩身应力变大,最大水平位移增加;与静力法计算数值相比,由挤土效应导致的单桩承载力下降6%~8%,桩身应力增大30%~80%,桩身最大变形量增长1倍。     

Multiphase SPH modeling of free surface flow in porous media with variable porosity

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating free surface flow in porous media with spatially varying porosity. The governing equations are based on the mixture theory. The resistance forces between solid and fluid is assumed to be nonlinear. A multiphase SPH approach is presented to solve the governing equations. In the multiphase SPH, water is modeled as a weakly compressible fluid, and solid phase is discretized by fixed solid particles carrying information of porosity. The model is validated by several numerical examples including seepage through specimen, fast flow through rockfill dam and wave interaction with porous structure. Good agreements between numerical results and experimental data are obtained in terms of flow rate and evolution of free surface. Parameter study shows that (1) the nonlinear resistance law provides more accurate results; (2) particle size and porosity have significant influence on the porous flow.     

Buckling failures of reserved thin pillars under the combined action of in-plane and lateral hydrostatic compressive forces

The reasons that pillars with small width-to-height ratios fail remain unclear. This study established a mechanical model for the buckling failure of a thin pillar subjected to compressive forces to investigate the stability of reserved thin pillars (RTPs) on both sides of mining units during barrier pillar recovery. The critical buckling stress of the thin pillar was obtained using the energy variational method, and its relationship to the aspect ratio (length-to-width ratio) was investigated. The buckling instability of RTPs can be determined by comparing the RTP stress obtained from numerical simulations with the buckling stress derived from the mechanical model.     

基于粘弹性球体地球模型的震后位移与重力变化计算软件

在考虑地球曲率、成层结构、可压缩性与自重的前提下,Tanaka等［1-2］提出一套较为完备的粘弹性球体位错理论,可计算全球任意位置由地震产生的同震与震后形变（含位移、重力变化、大地水准面变化）。Gao等［3］给出了与上述理论相匹配、界面友好的计算软件,能计算30个震后时间点对应的震后形变。本研究针对Gao等的软件进行改进,可计算震后任意时间点对应的震后形变。新软件由3个部分组成：1）与32个震后时间点相对应的32套离散格林函数数值框架;2）格林函数插值计算程序,可针对上述32套格林函数数值框架进行插值运算,输出任意震后时间点对应的格林函数数值结果;3）积分计算程序,调用上述格林函数数值结果,计算任意类型地震在地表任意位置产生的同震与震后形变。一般情况下,使用者只需按要求准备辅助文件,提供发震断层模型和观测站位置信息,以及震中周围地区地幔粘滞性因子,先后运行格林函数插值计算程序和积分计算程序,即可计算出目标地震在地表任意位置产生的同震与震后形变。本文基于粘弹球体位错理论与弹性球体位错理论,分别计算2011年日本MW9.0地震引起的远场同震位移,2套结果的高度一致性证明了新程序的正确性。最后,介绍需要注意的若干事项,便于使用者掌握该软件。     

Precise Synchrotron Radiation Spectrum of Fast-cooling Electrons and the Prompt GRB Emission

It is generally believed that the synchrotron radiation of electrons from the internal shock is the main radiation mechanism of the prompt GRB (gamma-ray burst) emission. However, what this model predicts can not explain observations well. In this paper, we confirm that electrons are quickly cooled due to radiation losses and also point out that the synchrotron radiation spectrum presented in previous papers is a relatively rough estimation. We get the precise synchrotron radiation spectrum of fast-cooling electrons by carrying out a numerical calculation, and thereby reasonably explain the observed distribution of low-energy spectral index (α) of long GRBs based on a unified model. In addition, we fit the correlation between α and the peak energy of the νFν spectrum (E_p).     

城镇防沙的理论框架与技术模式

城镇防沙是在国家需求推动下产生的新领域,在没有形成自身理论体系的情况下,只能以风沙物理学、治沙工程学、恢复生态学,以及沙漠化防治和可持续发展等相关理论与技术为基础,通过工程实践和理论研究逐步建立城镇防沙理论体系。初步总结出的城镇防沙理论体系包括风沙灾害成因与区域风沙流场特征、城镇周边土地利用空间格局优化、防沙工程体系优化配置、防沙工程效率评估与预测4个分支领域,14项主要研究内容和9个支撑学科;技术体系包括8个分支技术领域和一个总目标（即:城镇防沙技术优化模式）。除青藏高原外的城镇防沙技术模式具有圈层结构特征,第一圈层都是以市（镇）区为核心的绿化景观带。对于地处半湿润风沙区外缘的城镇,第二圈层为高效农牧业生产区,第三圈层为生态涵养圈,第四圈层为封禁保护圈。对于半湿润风沙区内部的城镇,第二圈层为农牧业生产与沙丘封禁区,第三圈层为封禁保护圈。对于半干旱风沙区城镇,第二圈层为沙丘（地）封禁与农牧业生产区,分为近郊设施农业圈、远郊沙丘（地）封禁与农牧户独立生产圈两个次级圈层,第三圈层为沙丘（地）封禁保护圈。对于干旱风沙区城镇,第二圈层为节水灌溉农业区,第三圈层为外围防护带,第四圈层为封禁保护带。对于地处青藏高原山间盆地的城镇,防沙工程一般采取近郊“防护林带+人工草地+灌溉系统”,外层为“沙障+防护林带+人工草地+灌溉系统”,再外层为“防护林带+草地改良+封禁保护”的布局模式。对于地处青藏高原河流宽谷的城镇,防沙工程技术模式在宏观上根据河道走向布局,局部充分考虑防沙治沙与河道整治、水土流失和地质灾害治理有机结合,细节上依据沙尘源地类型和分布地貌位置选择防沙技术。     

基于耗散结构理论的千岛湖旅游地演化过程及机制

从耗散结构理论的视角,认为千岛湖旅游地是以外部自然与社会经济环境为支撑,以吸引物子系统、设施子系统、服务子系统和支持子系统为基础的旅游地耗散结构系统(TDSS)。分析了其演化过程,认为从1959 年新安江水库建成到1981 年“富春江-新安江”被确定为国家首批重点风景名胜区,千岛湖旅游系统处于萌芽状态,各子系统尚未完善成形;1982 年至1994 年为系统形成期,各子系统发展逐渐完善,旅游系统整体效应开始初步显现;从1995 年起,千岛湖旅游地系统进入发展期,各子系统基本上发育成熟完善,子系统之间相互作用明显,系统的整体效应显著;2000 年以后,千岛湖旅游地系统处于优化发展状态,各子系统之间进一步协调发展,旅游系统整体效应大大增强,并推动了旅游地的转型发展。探讨了其演化机制,认为旅游地系统演化的本质是耗散结构的负熵输入过程,系统要素的非线性作用是其演化动力,并通过基于外部环境和政府主导的中心控制的系统他组织与基于供给与需求、人地关系、区域协调以及利益主体平衡四类非线性作用的系统自组织而实现。