An X-ray excited optical luminescence study of a zoned quartz crystal from an emerald-bearing quartz vein,Hiddenite, North Carolina,USA

The optical luminescence excited with synchrotron radiation along a preferential orientation of a quartz crystal has been investigated. It is found that the crystal is composed of two distinct regions, only one of which luminesces upon X-ray excitation. This luminescence is generally uniform and exhibits emission bands in the blue (470 nm with a shoulder at 522 nm) and in the UV (340 nm) regions of the spectrum. The branching ratio for the intensity of these bands is sensitive to the excitation energy across the Si K-edge. XANES spectra collected by partial luminescence yield (PLY) suggest that both emission bands originate from the de-excitation of Si atoms in the quartz. The possible defect sites within the crystal structure that could account for the observed luminescence are investigated and discussed. Additional experiments are proposed to verify this assignment of the optical emission bands.     

“火珠”的宝石学成分探讨

在佛经与我国史籍中均记载有一种名为＂火珠＂的宝石,但其宝石学成分究竟是什么,历来争论颇大。三国时期,＂火珠＂开始从外国进口,被帝王看作是祥瑞的标志。晋代时期其用于装饰皇太子的玉具剑。隋唐时期,其价值进一步提升,专用于装饰皇帝的玉具剑。自唐朝末年开始,＂火珠＂一词的宝石学意义逐渐减弱。探讨＂火珠＂有助于了解中国古代宝石的使用情况,对构建中国古代宝石学具有重要意义。从＂火珠＂的产地、颜色、稀有性等宝石学特征以及与出土宝石实物比照,对其成分进行了较详细的论证。结果发现,＂火珠＂是巴利文＂Phalika＂（＂颇黎＂）以及梵文＂Sphatika＂（＂塞颇胝迦＂）的意译。＂火珠＂也就是＂颇黎＂,并不是我国常见的水晶,最可能为无色刚玉。     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩的侵位机制:一个新的分析模型

蛇绿岩侵位机制是板块构造理论中一直没有得到合理阐释的科学问题,制约了许多次级问题的解决。本文综述了已发表的关键资料和地质观察,提出了一个新的分析模型。蛇绿岩带的长距离延伸表明其形成过程与板块汇聚过程紧密相关;冈底斯岩浆弧的两期弧岩浆活动暗示汇聚板块边缘的构造性质曾经发生过转换;前人报道的玻安岩缺乏充分的地质学、岩石学和矿物学约束;强还原晶体群的普遍性暗示蛇绿岩侵位过程与大规模流体活动有关。据此,本文提出了一个由流体协助的蛇绿岩侵位模型,认为俯冲板块回卷、断离、流体-岩石圈相互作用、大洋岩石圈穹隆等过程是蛇绿岩侵位的基本控制因素。     

锌在生物磷灰石中的晶体化学研究进展

Zn在生物磷灰石中的晶体化学行为不同于在地质体中,传统的磷灰石类质同像替代理论对生物磷灰石中的Ca位替换并不完全适用。为了解释生物磷灰石中Zn的出现,本文对已知的生物磷灰石中Zn的存在情况、Zn对Ca的替代机制以及Zn替代对生物磷灰石的影响等内容进行了综述,并就Zn在生物磷灰石中的晶体化学研究对人体肿瘤诊疗的启示作用进行了简单的讨论。理论和实验均表明Zn可以进入生物磷灰石晶格,占据有Ca缺陷的磷灰石晶格中的Ca2位空缺,使局部结构整体收缩。Zn的掺入对生物磷灰石的晶粒尺寸、结晶度、晶胞参数等均会产生较大的影响。当Zn被固定在人体肿瘤伴有的病理性钙化晶格中时,其可能对周围组织及体液中的Zn含量产生影响,进而影响人体内Zn的新陈代谢。     

红河石Ca18(□,Ca)2Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(□,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9——符山石族新矿物

作为符山石族矿物的新成员,红河石(Hongheite,IMA 2017-027新矿物),Ca18(,Ca)2Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9发现于个旧世界级Sn-多金属矿田东北缘、与马拉格Sn矿床毗邻的北沙冲花岗岩(77.43Ma)内矽卡岩中。红河石常呈横径达4~25mm的放射状针-柱状集合体产出。当位于晶洞中时,红河石则呈发育良好的自形柱状晶体(0.5~4.0mm长,0.3~1.0mm宽)产出。与红河石共生的矿物见有赛黄晶、萤石、斧石-(Fe)、硅硼钙石、枪晶石、硼锡钙石、石英和羟鱼眼石-(K)等。红河石为墨绿色,条痕浅灰绿色,玻璃光泽,性脆,断口不规则。主要的晶面是:{100}、{110}、{101}和{001}。红河石的显微硬度:988.3N/mm2,相当于摩氏硬度6~7。其实测密度与计算密度分别是3.446g/cm3和3.423g/cm3。红河石一轴正晶,No=1.720(2),Ne=1.725(2);多色性弱。红河石的化学成分:SiO235.85%;TiO20.01%;Al2O311.00%;Fe2O37.92%;FeO2.14%;CaO 33.57%;MnO 0.42%;MgO 3.48%;B2O32.82%;Cr2O30.01%;Na2O 0.01%;F 0.40%(F≡O-0.17);Cl 0.14%(Cl≡O-0.03);H2O 0.75%,总量98.32%。依据晶体结构精测和Si在单位分子式中的原子数(即Si=18 apfu),计算和书写的红河石简化晶体化学式:Ca18(,Ca)2Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9。其三条最强粉晶线[d(?)(I/I0)(hkl)]为:2.9289(47)(004),2.7661(100)(342)和2.6079(68)(243)。红河石属四方晶系,空间群为P4/nnc,晶胞参数:a=15.667(3)?,c=11.725(1)?,V=2878(1)?3,Z=2。红河石晶体结构精测的R因子为0.063。红河石殊异于为已知的符山石族矿物种,在于其X(4)位以空位()为主、Y(3)位以Fe3+居优和T(2)位被B所占。顺便对符山石族矿物晶体-化学式的计算与书写予以讨论并提出建议。     

应用扫描电镜-X射线衍射-电子探针技术研究河南淅川绿松石矿物学特征

河南省淅川县位于我国重要绿松石产区——秦岭东部绿松石矿区东延部分,与淅川毗邻的许多早期考古遗址中出土了大量的绿松石制品,因此淅川绿松石的矿料流布受到许多考古学者的关注。研究淅川绿松石的矿物学特征有助于完善我国不同矿区绿松石矿物学研究,为追溯我国早期绿松石文物的矿料来源提供重要的数据支撑。本文利用偏光显微镜观察、扫描电镜、粉晶X射线衍射等技术对淅川绿松石进行结构研究,辅以电子探针、背散射电子图像观察等方法研究了淅川绿松石的矿物组合。结果表明:淅川绿松石主要由细小的鳞片状、短柱状、板片状微晶集合体组成,可见环带状、结核状、碎斑碎粒状结构;通过对比不同样品的微晶结构,可知其微晶的大小、晶型和分布状态会影响淅川绿松石集合体的致密程度和颜色;淅川绿松石集合体中常见石英、玉髓和铁氧化物,部分样品含有硫磷铝锶矿。通过对比其他矿区绿松石矿物组合,发现淅川绿松石与湖北地区的绿松石矿物组成相近,主要杂质为石英、褐铁矿,明显区别于安徽地区以高岭石为主要杂质矿物的绿松石。     

Grain structure of the Earth's inner core

The coarsening rate of an initial grain structure is calculated and compared to the inner core growth rate. An estimate of the present size of the grains in the centre of the core varies from 560 m to 12 km, depending on the value taken for the diffusion coefficient of iron in the core. Regardless of the hypotheses chosen, this size is homogeneous inside the inner core.     

Propagation of P and S-waves in magmas with different crystal contents: Insights into the crystallinity of magmatic reservoirs

Increasing amount of crystals tends to reduce the mobility of magmas and modifies its elastic characteristics (e.g. [Caricchi, L. et al., 2007. Non-Newtonian rheology of crystal-bearing magmas and implications for magma ascent dynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 264: 402–419.; Bagdassarov, N., Dingwell, D.B. and Webb, S.L., 1994. Viscoelasticity of crystal- and bubble-bearing rhyolite melts. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, 83: 83–99.]). To quantify the effect of crystals on the elastic properties of magmas the propagation speed of shear and compressional waves have been measured at pressure and temperatures relevant for natural magmatic reservoirs. The measurements have been performed in aggregates at variable particle fractions (? = 0–0.7). The measurements were carried out at 200 MPa confining pressure and temperatures between 300 K and 1273 K (i.e. across the glass transition temperature (Tg) from glass to melt). The specimens were mixtures of a haplogranitic melt containing 5.25 wt.% H₂O and variable amounts of sub-spherical alumina particles. Additional experiments were carried out on a sample containing both, crystals and air bubbles. The temperature derivatives of the shear (dVs/dT) and compressional wave (dVp/dT) velocities for pure glass and samples with a crystal fraction of 0.5 are different below and above the glass transition temperature. For a crystal fraction 0.7, only dVp/dT changed above the Tg. In the presence of gas bubbles, Vp and Vs decrease constantly with increasing temperature. The bubble-bearing material yields a lower bulk modulus relative to its shear modulus. The propagation velocities of compressional and shear waves increase non-linearly with increasing crystal fraction with a prominent raise in the range 0.5 < ? < 0.7. The speed variations are only marginally related to the density increase due to the presence of crystals, but are dominantly related to the achievement of a continuous crystal framework. The experimental data set presented here can be utilized to estimate the relative proportions of crystals and melt present in a magmatic reservoir, which, in turn, is one of the fundamental parameters determining the mobility of magma and, consequently, exerting a prime control on the likelihood of an eruption from a sub-surficial magma reservoir.     

Deformation and seismic anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle in the southeastern Carpathians inferred from the study of mantle xenoliths

Peridotite xenoliths with a broad range of textures provides evidence for consistent microstructural evolution in a vertical transect of the shallow lithospheric mantle (35–55 km depth) beneath the Persani Mountains, SE Carpathians, Romania, due to ongoing plate convergence in the Carpathian Arc nearby. The recrystallized grain size, crystal preferred orientations strength, and resulting seismic anisotropy vary continuously and display a strong correlation to equilibrium temperatures, suggesting a continuous change in deformation conditions with depth. The shallowmost xenoliths have microstructures typical of high stress deformation, marked by strong recrystallization to fine grain sizes, which results in weak crystal preferred orientations and anisotropy. The deepest xenoliths have coarse-grained porphyroclastic microstructures and strong crystal preferred orientations. Replacive orthopyroxene structures, consuming olivine, and high H₂O concentrations in the pyroxenes are observed in some xenoliths indicating limited percolation of fluids or volatile-rich melts. Despite the high stress deformation and high H₂O contents in some of the studied xenoliths, analysis of olivine crystallographic orientations indicates that [100] slip systems, rather than “wet” [001] accommodate most of the deformation in all samples. Seismic anisotropy estimated from the measured olivine and pyroxene crystal preferred orientations suggests that the strike-parallel fast SKS polarization directions and ~ 1 s delay times measured in the SE Carpathians are likely the consequence of convergence-driven belt-parallel flow in the lithospheric mantle.     

菊花石及其他两种放射状形貌对比研究

通过天青石菊花石形貌与红柱石菊花石钟乳石截面放射状形貌的对比,找出它们形成的共同规律,并从形貌细节差异上分析了其形成机制和条件的差别。