光轴角近90°时二轴晶光性正负的判别

二轴晶光率体光性正负有两种判别方法：一种是根据光轴角（２Ｖ）的锐角平分线（Ｂｘａ）与Ｎｇ一致还是与Ｎｐ一致来判别，其临界点是２ｙ＝９０°；另一种是根据三个主拆射率的相对大小来判别．由于二轴晶光率体为三轴椭球体，在其临界点Ｎｇ一Ｎｍ＝Ｎｍ一Ｎｐ时，光轴角并不等于９０°。就是说，两种判别方法的临界点不一致。本文从光率体几何特性研究入手，通过几何及数学方法，着重讨论上述两种判别方法在其临界点时的相对关系，并结合实际例证，认为二轴晶光率体光性正负的临界点不能只确定为一个点，而应限定在一个范围，即２Ｖ＝９０°到Ｎｇ－Ｎｍ＝Ｎｍ－Ｎｐ之间。     

Strain-related differences in the crystal growth of white mica and chlorite: a TEM and XRD study of the development of metapelitic microfabrics in the Southern Uplands thrust terrane, Scotland

Abstract TEM and XRD techniques were used to study crystal growth characteristics of the fabric-forming phyllosilicates which developed in response to low-grade metamorphism and tectonic imbrication in part of the Southern Uplands thrust terrane. Prograde regional metamorphism, ranging from late diagenesis through the anchizone to the epizone, was accompanied by the development of a slaty cleavage which is commonly bedding-parallel. TEM-measured mean thicknesses of white mica and chlorite crystallite populations increase with advancing grade and correlate with XRD-measured crystallinity indices. Analytical TEM data show that prograde changes in composition lead to a net loss of Si, Ca and minor Fe from the fabric-forming phyllosilicates. White micas are paragonite-poor phengites with a mean b lattice parameter of 9.037 Å, and indicate an intermediate pressure series of metamorphism with a field gradient of <25° C km^-1. Chlorite compositions evolved from diabantite (with intergrown corrensite) to ripidolite over an estimated temperature range of 150–320° C. Field gradient and temperature estimates suggest that crystal growth and fabric development occurred at burial depths ranging from 6 km to at least 13 km in the thrust terrane. During late diagenesis, crystal growth of white mica and chlorite was predominantly a consequence of polytypic and phase transitions, and resulted in similar size distributions which resemble typical Ostwald ripening curves. Under anchizonal and epizonal conditions, white mica grew more rapidly than chlorite because of its greater ability to store strain energy and recover from subgrain development; as a result crystal thickness distributions are not typical of Ostwald ripening. In contrast, chlorite crystals which grew under these conditions developed subgrain boundaries at high strain rates which were only partially recovered at low strain rates; these retained dislocations reduce the crystallite thicknesses detected by TEM and XRD, compared with those of white mica. These differences in strain-induced crystal growth indicate that white mica (illite) and chlorite crystallinity indices are likely to show significant differences where low-grade metamorphism is closely associated with tectonic fabric development.     

不同晶形石盐沉积生长特征及对包裹体温度的影响

石盐晶体生长过程中捕获流体包裹体，利用冷冻测温法得到的均一温度信息与古水温存在良好的相关性。在部分地区，利用包裹体最大均一温度评价古气候时，温度数据与孢粉学反映的气候特征存在冲突，不同晶形的石盐沉积特征，及其晶体条纹内包裹体温度代表的地质含义需进一步探讨。笔者在分析经典测温数据的基础上，观察常温蒸发实验中漏斗晶和人字晶的形成及生长过程，分析了不同温度段均一温度与气温、水温之间的关系。结合现代气象记录数据，分析了最大均一温度评价气候时存在的局限性。研究认为：漏斗晶晶核形成与卤水表面，包裹体温度受温度和气压共同影响，漏斗晶在卤水底部绕核生长，漏斗晶外围包裹体温度对应水底温度，沉入水下后漏斗晶生长缓慢，包裹体最大温度可能代表年度最高温度，以此为指标评价气候得出的结论过于炎热；人字晶是多个漏斗晶之间的桥接部分，大部分形成于卤水蒸发将近结束之时，人字形条纹内包裹体温度受气温和地表温度共同影响，地表温度远大于气温是造成包裹体最高温度过高的主要原因。     

高纯球形-准球形亚微米晶质SiO2材料的制备与表征

以天然粉石英为基本原料,通过氢氟酸与盐酸混合酸溶蚀技术和机械强力搅拌处理,制备了高纯球形-准球形亚微米晶质SiO2材料。XRD,SEM表征结果表明,制备的高纯球形亚微米晶质SiO2材料为纯结晶SiO2相,粒子呈球形-准球形,球化-准球化率达80%～90%,粒径一般为300 nm～800 nm;其化学组成为:w(SiO2)99.90%,w(Al2O3)192×10-6,w(Fe2O3)33×10-6,w(Mg)1×10-6,w(Ca)2×10-6,w(Cl-)20×10-6。     

土壤、大气尘中晶体的组成及其物源指示意义——以长沙、株洲和湘潭地区为例

基于长沙、株洲和湘潭地区大气尘(可吸入颗粒和近地表积尘)和表层土壤的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析数据,采用微量相鉴定方法获得的结果显示,大气尘和表层土壤中包含石英、石膏、方解石、白云石、硫酸镉等自然矿物及SiS_2、NiTi、Cd_3As_2、FeOCl等非自然源晶体。比较了长沙、株洲、湘潭地区大气尘与表层土壤的晶体组成,分析了大气尘矿物及非自然源晶体的空间分布,探讨了其环境指示意义。     

津巴布韦大岩墙南段两翼铬铁矿床特征及成因探讨

津巴布韦大岩墙蕴含丰富的铬铁矿资源，不同部位成矿特征存在差异。钙碱性铁质基性-超基性岩浆结晶分异过程中伴随着铬铁矿的成矿作用，南部岩浆房两翼300 m深度范围内共赋存7个不连续的铬铁矿层，矿层垂向间距30~50 m，南部矿层发育优于北部；铬铁矿层厚度多为0.2~1 m，铬铁矿层发育于辉橄岩系和辉石岩系的接触部位，三者呈渐变式过渡接触，共同构成典型的韵律结构；两翼矿层产状呈对称状倾向于岩墙的轴部，倾角约为10°~20°；矿石多为自形-半自形微细粒结构，稀疏浸染状及中等浸染状构造，矿石为需选贫铬矿石，w（Cr₂O₃）=5%~30%，且矿体内Pt+Pd含量可观。大岩墙南段两翼铬铁矿为典型的早期岩浆结晶分异矿床，后期构造运动加剧了矿层的不连续性，并对局部岩矿层产状产生改造，蛇纹石化蚀变形成了指示矿体的标志性斑杂构造岩。     

Investigations of the effects of manganese addition to Dry Creek Saltfield brines

Trials conducted at Dry Creek, a solar saltfield north of Adelaide, Australia, indicate that manganese, as manganous sulphate, can increase both the purity and strength of salt crystals grown at an ambient or neutral-slightly acid pH range resulting in a salt suitable for high purity uses. The improved load bearing strength of the crystals indicates that manganous sulphate could also be useful in salt floor maintenance. However, the impact of an apparently slight rise in pH to 8.5 was significant. Crystals produced at the higher pH from the manganese enriched brine were opaque with many tiny, almost colloidal crystals. The salt did not drain well, had low load bearing strength and was notably impure.     

清江高坝洲地区古岩溶角砾岩特征及形成条件

古岩溶角砾岩是在特定的地质和水文地质条件下形成的沉积岩,是记录岩溶发育环境和形成时代的“化石”通过对高坝洲地区古岩溶角砾岩发育特征及取样分析测试研究,查明该类岩角砾岩属于岩溶崩塌角砾岩,胶结物方解石晶体是中低温热水溶液中ＣａＣＯ３沉淀形成的,形成时间是上新世。     

韧性剪切过程中金沉淀富集的新机制

一般认为,金的沉淀是因为成矿热液在宏观上已达到金络合物失稳、分解的条件。笔者认为金在黄铁矿、毒砂等硫化物矿物中富集的原因,是这些矿物生长时造成了在其生长面附近的微区内会出现Ｅｈ值及（或）Ｓ＾２－、［ＡｓＳ］＾３－等浓度的局部降低,以致引起了金络合物在此微区内的失稳、分解,分解出来的金将就近附着在矿物的生长面上及随后被包围。成矿热液此时在宏观上不一定已达到金络合物的分解条件。韧性剪切过程中石英普遍会     

中子活化技术在层序地层学中的应用

在计算机硬件、软件技术高速发展的基础上,笔者用ＱＢＡＳＩＣ语言成功地开发出一种在普通４８６以上微机上运行的,高效、准确、直观地显示各种分子及晶体结构的高性能的实体造型系统,可以较好地满足材料科学及矿物学等各领域的迫切需要。输入数据简单,界面友好,操作简便,功能十分丰富。可以自由地选择颜色、光照、材质和结构表达方式等多种参数。应用此系统已制作出上千幅精美的晶体结构的高分辨率真彩色实体图片,有非常显著的效果和巨大的应用推广价值。