鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块上三叠统延长组砂岩中绿泥石矿物特征

本文对鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块上三叠统延长组长8油层组砂岩中绿泥石矿物的类型、赋存状态、形成时间、晶体化学特征及成因机制进行了较为系统的研究.结果表明研究区的绿泥石以铁镁绿泥石和铁斜绿泥石为主,包括陆源碎屑绿泥石、自生绿泥石和蚀变绿泥石3种,自生绿泥石又包括颗粒包膜、孔隙衬里和孔隙充填绿泥石3种,以孔隙衬里绿泥石为主,形成...     

Modelling a cohesive‐frictional debris flow: an experimental,theoretical, and field‐based study

The rheology of debris flows is difficult to characterize owing to the varied composition and to the uneven distribution of the components that may range from clay to large boulders, in addition to water. Few studies have addressed debris flow rheology from observational, experimental, and theoretical viewpoints in conjunction. We present a coupled rheological‐numerical model to characterize the debris flows in which cohesive and frictional materials are both present. As a first step, we consider small‐scale artificial debris flows in a flume with variable percentages of clay versus sand, and measure separately the rheological properties of sand–clay mixtures. A comparison with the predictions of a modified version of the numerical model BING shows a reasonable agreement between measurements and simulations. As application to a field case, we analyse a recent debris flow that occurred in Fjærland (Western Norway) for which much information is now available. The event was caused by a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) originating from the failure of a moraine ridge. In a previous contribution (Breien et al., Landslides, 2008 , 5: 271–280) we focused on the hydrological and geomorphological aspects. In particular we documented the marked erosion and reported the change in sediment transport during the event. In contrast to the laboratory debris flows, the presence of large boulders and the higher normal pressure inside the natural debris flow requires the introduction of a novel rheological model that distinguishes between mud‐to–clast supported material. We present simulations with a modified BING model with the new cohesive‐frictional rheology. To account for the severe erosion operated by the debris flow on the colluvial deposits of Fjærland, we also suggest a simple model for erosion and bulking along the slope path. Numerical simulations suggest that a self‐sustaining mechanism could partly explain the extreme growth of debris flows running on a soft terrain.     

黄铁矿中不同赋存状态金的测试及意义 —以胶莱盆地金矿中黄铁矿为例

本文论述了黄铁矿中晶格金、自然金、石英包体金的分离技术及测试方法,它可用于研究金矿载金矿物黄铁矿中不同赋存状态金与成矿的关系。运用本方法对胶莱盆地典型金矿中主成矿阶段黄铁矿三种赋存状态的金进行了测试,发现以自然金为主,且自然金含量比例差别不大,说明盆地中的金矿可能具有相同成矿流体和环境。通过对含矿与不含矿黄铁矿中离子晶格金含量研究,进行了靶区预测验证。研究发现黄铁矿中存在石英包体金,且部分金矿中石英包体金含量较高,普通测试方法可能丢失该类金,造成样品分析结果偏低,进而出现丢矿或资源量估算不准确的现象。     

新疆大黑山东部姜巴斯套组下段的凝灰岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

准噶尔东部大黑山地区出露的姜巴斯套组为一套厚层海相火山-沉积地层,其形成时代及地层层序存在争议.对姜巴斯套组下段2个具有地层意义的晶屑凝灰岩开展的锆石LA-ICP-MS测年,获得的加权平均年龄分别为339.4±1.9 Ma(MSWD = 0.39)和336.3±2.6 Ma(MSWD=0.58),结合古生物新的研究成果...     

辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩中石榴石特征及种类鉴定

辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿区金伯利岩中的石榴石一直被当作镁铝榴石。为了确定矿区颜色复杂的石榴石种类,本文对矿区的石榴石进行了系统的采样分析,测定了112件石榴石样品的晶胞参数、50件样品的微区化学成分和40件样品的红外光谱。利用石榴石晶胞参数、红外光谱、化学成分和化学分子式方法对矿区石榴石进行分类,结果显示:晶胞参数分类法误差大,容易得出错误结论;红外图谱分类法准确度不高,只能作为参考方法;化学成分分类法太过笼统,达不到详细划分石榴石种类的目的;化学分子式分类法可把矿区的石榴石详细划分6个矿种:镁钙铁-铝铬铁榴石、镁铁钙-铝铬铁榴石、镁钙铁-铝铬榴石、镁钙-铝铬铁镁榴石、镁铁钙-铝铬榴石、镁铁钙-铝铁铬榴石,每种石榴石都充分反映了A、B离子的种类及占位特征,是4种分类方法中最为科学的方法。研究认为瓦房店金刚石矿区金伯利岩中石榴石A端元成分以Mg²⁺离子占位为主;B端元成分以Al³⁺离子占位为主。由于阳离子替代普遍,A、B端元成分复杂,瓦房店金伯利岩中不存在单纯意义上的镁铝榴石。     

Apatite recrystallisation during prograde metamorphism,Cooma, southeast Australia: implications for using an apatite – graphite association as a biotracer in ancient metasedimentary rocks

The major patterns in the evolution of life during the Phanerozoic are reviewed. Critical transitions in the evolution of life that reflect increases in ecological complexity are the Cambrian radiation; the Ordovician biodiversification and its subsequent diversification and transition into the Modern Marine Fauna following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction; the colonisation of land, and its subsequent diversification; and the biological colonisation of the atmosphere. This increase in ecological diversity and complexity was often accompanied by increases in morphological complexity, arising, in part, from elaboration of the developmental program. However, it was additionally fuelled by increases in diversification and disparity arising also from morphological simplification in some lineages as developmental program became reduced.     

Sub-surface dynamics and eruptive styles of maars in the Colli Albani Volcanic District, Central Italy

Eruptive scenarios associated with the possible reactivation of maar-forming events in the Quaternary, ultrapotassic Colli Albani Volcanic District (CAVD) provides implications for volcanic hazard assessment in the densely populated area near Rome. Based on detailed stratigraphy, grain size, componentry, ash morphoscopy and petro-chemical analyses of maar eruption products, along with textural analysis of cored juvenile clasts, we attempt to reconstruct the eruptive dynamics of the Prata Porci and Albano maars, as related to pre- and syn-eruptive interactions between trachybasaltic to K-foiditic feeder magmas and carbonate–silicoclastic and subvolcanic country rocks. Magma volumes in the order of 0.5–3.1 × 10⁸ m³ were erupted during the monogenetic Prata Porci maar activity and the three eruptive cycles of the Albano multiple maar, originating loose to strongly lithified, wet and dry pyroclastic surge deposits, Strombolian scoria fall horizons and lithic-rich explosion breccias. These deposits contain a wide range of accessory and accidental lithic clasts, with significant vertical stratigraphic variations in the lithic types and abundances. The two maar study cases hold a record of repeated transitions between magmatic (i.e, Strombolian fallout) and hydromagmatic (wet and dry pyroclastic surges) activity styles. Evidence of phreatic explosions, a common precursor of explosive volcanic activity, is only found at the base of the Prata Porci eruptive succession. The quantitative evaluation of the proportions of the different eruptive styles in the stratigraphic record of the two maars, based on magma vs. lithic volume estimates, reveals a prevailing magmatic character in terms of erupted magma volumes despite the hydromagmatic footprint. Different degrees of explosive magma–water interaction were apparently controlled by the different hydrogeological and geological–structural settings. In the Prata Porci case, shifts in the depth of magma fragmentation are proposed to have accompanied eruption style changes. In the Albano case, a deeply dissected geothermal aquifer in peri-caldera setting and variable mass eruption rates were the main controlling factors of repeated shifts in the eruptive style. Finally, textural evidence from cored juvenile clasts and analytical modeling of melt–solid heat transfer indicate that the interacting substrate in the Prata Porci case was at low, uniform temperature (~ 100 °C) as compared to the highly variable temperatures (up to 700–800 °C) inferred for the geothermal system beneath Albano.     

Constraints on Cation Order in Calcium-rich Sedimentary Dolomite

Most sedimentary Ca-rich dolomite in pre-Holocenerocks is known to exhibit a fine-scale modulation inTEM images, reflecting a domain structure of which onecomponent is a low-symmetry variant of dolomite. Thevarious structural models proposed for thelow-symmetry component involve Ca–Mg order patternsthat are different from that in dolomite. Caution istherefore required for interpretation of X-raydiffraction data, which average over the entirestructure. The average structures of two Ca-richdolomites having a structural modulation are refinedusing single-crystal intensity data. The resultsindicate a poor fit using a dolomite model, which isconsistent with the findings from TEM and electrondiffraction indicating that one component of thedomain structure is different than dolomite. Resultsalso indicate that average model A and B cation siteshave mixed Ca–Mg occupancy, which provides someconstraints on possible models for the low-symmetrydomains.     

Textural evidence for dilatant (shear thickening) rheology of magma at high crystal concentrations

Investigation of the rheology of magmas at high crystal concentrations by experimental means has proved problematic. An alternative approach is to study textures of igneous rocks that not only preserve evidence of the kinematics of magma flow, such as flow direction, but can also preserve evidence of rheology. Flow textures in multiply intruded trachyte dykes on Fraser Island, eastern Australia record evidence of dilatant flow during solidification. This conclusion is reached by interpretation of microscopic ductile shear zones that disrupt the groundmass of aligned feldspar laths. Detailed three-dimensional investigation demonstrates that the dihedral angle between conjugate micro-shear zones is approximately 65°. This conjugate angle is equivalent to that observed in dilatant granular materials such as sand. Dilatant behaviour is synonymous with shear thickening rheology indicating that the magma flow is time-dependent and resists high flow rates. Some of the dykes contain autobrecciation fragments that may represent localities where the ductile flow rate threshold was exceeded. Newtonian or pseudoplastic (shear thinning) rheology of crystal-poor magmas must progressively give way to shear thickening rheology during cooling and increasing crystal concentration.