南海北部大陆坡-深海盆过渡区的地壳性质

地质、地球物理资料综合分析表明,南海北部大陆坡-深海盆过渡区(114°—118°E,17°—20°N)内的深海盆属洋壳,其前新生代基底由大洋玄武岩组成,地壳厚度有自东向西增厚的趋势;区内的大陆坡属拉张减薄的过渡壳,其前新生代基底由古生代和中生代变质岩、沉积岩和岩浆岩组成。大陆坡西部有较多中、基性岩浆活动,故局部高磁异常较东部发育。     

台湾海峡地震与地质构造,地壳运动的关系

在我国辽阔的渤海、黄海、东海和南海，只有渤海发生过Ｍｓ≥７级地震。而面积狭小的台湾海峡却发生３次７－８级地震、３４次５－６．９级地震，是我国大陆邻近海域地震活动强度最大、频度最高的地方。     

Accurate Modelling of Sonobuoy Refraction Data to Determine Velocity Variations in Oceanic Crust

Modern disposable sonobuoys can provide a simple and cost-effective alternative to ocean bottom seismometers for marine refraction experiments over oceanic crust. Unfortunately, the fact that they are free to drift with the prevailing ocean currents can introduce significant travel-time errors into the modelling process if the seafloor topography is large. For sonobuoys recorded during and after turns the drift rate and direction can be uniquely determined by inversion of the shot-receiver ranges derived from the water-wave arrival. The same method can be used to determine a best fitting average drift vector for the whole dataset. A modification to conventional two-dimensional travel-time modelling techniques has been developed to account for this drift. Each sonobuoy profile is divided into several subsets, typically of 100 shots each, and each subset is then modelled as a separate common receiver gather, significantly reducing the errors in the calculated travel-times. For re alistic bathymetry, the magnitude of these travel-time errors is up to 200 ms, significantly larger than the estimated picking uncertainty. Real data from a typical sonobuoy refraction experiment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were modelled with and without the drift correction applied. Much of the lateral variation in the velocity structure was removed when the drift correction was applied, indicating that this structure was due to variations in the travel-times caused by sonobuoy drift.     

GNSS网形变化的区域地壳形变信息提取方法

针对GNSS三维无约束平差不依赖基准且拥有高精度几何网形的特点,以GNSS监测网作为一个整体的时空观测单元,由GNSS网测站间相互关联的所有基线长度和基线夹角变化综合衡量网形的变化,用网形的变化集中反映区域地壳形变信息。利用地壳形变高空间相关性的特点,采用主成分时空响应分析的方法实现了区域地壳形变信息的快速提取。通过对2013年芦山Ms7.0地震近场区域陆态网GPS基准站2010—2014年观测数据的解算,提取并分析了对应地震前后近场区域地壳形变时空分布特征及形变的动态演变过程。     

Seismogeological acceptance criteria for geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel

Qualitative geological acceptance criteria and quantitative seismological acceptance criteria for radioactive waste disposals are developed. The background material for the initiation of site selection and for its earthquake hazard assessment is discussed. The recent movements of the Earth's surface as well as the other mechanical properties of geological media, hydrological conditions of geological blocks, their groundwater chemistry, geochemical rheology, petrological analyses of rocks, etc., have to be taken into account. A new comprehensive integrated safety analysis of the final underground disposal of spent nuclear fuel has been underway in the Czech Republic since 1991. In accordance with these seismogeological acceptance criteria regions for building underground final radioactive waste disposals are singled out in the Czech Republic.     

Relation between Gravity Field Feature and Tectonics and Earthquakes in Taiwan and Its Adjacent Seas

Short wave gravity anomaly is correlated to sea floor topography in the gravity field of Taiwan and its adjacent seas. Gravity values of 200 × 10-5ms-2 at Yushang and -160 × 10-5ms-2 at Liuqiu sea trench are respectively the maximum and minimum gravity values in this area.Bouguer gravity anomaly reflects not only Moho interface undulation, but also fault distribution.The inflexion of gradient belt of Bouguer gravity anomaly is a spot liable to earthquakes. Middlelong wave geoid is the best data to invert crustal thickness. We calculate crustal thickness by using geoid data, and the maximum value is 38km; the minimum value is 12km in Taiwan and its adjacent seas.     

Seismic crustal structure in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Peninsula)

The sedimentary structure in the Gulf of Cadiz has been extensively studied by oil exploration companies. However, up to now little is known about its deep crustal structure. Moreover, the total thickness of the sedimentary layers remains unknown in large areas. The purpose of this paper is the crustal-scale interpretation of deep seismic near-vertical reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection data obtained during the IAM (Iberian Atlantic Margins) project, carried out in 1993. Our results indicate that a continental type crust is underlying the entire Gulf of Cadiz, with progressive thinning from east to west. The sedimentary cover shows a great thickness, reaching 8 km in the center of the Gulf. Three main sedimentary units can be recognized: Jurassic-Cretaceous calcareous rocks, continuation of Algarve outcrops; the Allochthonous Units of Guadalquivir/Gulf of Cadiz, the offshore continuation of the inland Carmona nappe; and sub-horizontal post-Miocene marine sediments. The crystalline crust is divided into three main layers: the upper crust is characterized by P-wave velocity values of 5.7–6.1 km/s; the middle crust shows values of 6.3–6.4 km/s; the lower crust has a mean vertical velocity gradient of 0.02 km/s/km, with velocities between 6.9 to 7.1 km/s. The total crustal thickness varies from 27 km for the eastern part of the studied area, to 20 km for the westernmost part. The crustal thinning is more pronounced in a N-S direction than in an E-W direction. No major structures related with a defined Iberia-Africa plate boundary could be found. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南海北部地壳的深地震地质结构探测

１９９３年５月，中国科学院南海海洋研究与日本东京大学地震研究所等单位合作南海北部共同开展了综合地球物理测量实验，本文介绍了其中的海底地震仪海上资料采用，室内资料处理，根据资料的初步处理解释结果，文中分析了测区的地壳地质结构。     

Crustal reworking in a shear zone: transformation of metagranite to migmatite

This study uses field, microstructural and geochemical data to investigate the processes contributing to the petrological diversity that arises when granitic continental crust is reworked. The Kinawa migmatite formed when Archean TTG crust in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil was reworked by partial melting at ~730 °C and 5–6 kbar in a regional‐scale shear zone. As a result, a relatively uniform leucogranodiorite protolith produced compositionally and microstructurally diverse diatexites and leucosomes. All outcrops of migmatite display either a magmatic foliation, flow banding or transposed leucosomes and indicate strong, melt‐present shearing. There are three types of diatexite. Grey diatexites are interpreted to be residuum, although melt segregation was incomplete in some samples. Biotite stable, H₂O‐fluxed melting is inferred via the reaction Pl + Kfs + Qz + H₂O = melt and geochemical modelling indicates 0.35–0.40 partial melting. Schlieren diatexites are extremely heterogeneous; residuum‐rich domains alternate with leucocratic quartzofeldspathic domains. Homogeneous diatexites have the highest SiO₂ and K₂O contents and are coarse‐grained, leucocratic rocks. Homogeneous diatexites, quartzofeldspathic domains from the schlieren diatexites and the leucosomes contain both plagioclase‐dominated and K‐feldspar‐dominated feldspar framework microstructures and hence were melt‐derived rocks. Both types of feldspar frameworks show evidence of tectonic compaction. Modelling the crystallization of an initial anatectic melt shows plagioclase appears first; K‐feldspar appears after ~40% crystallization. In the active shear zone setting, shear‐enhanced compaction provided an essentially continuous driving force for segregation. Thus, Kinawa migmatites with plagioclase frameworks are interpreted to have formed by shear‐enhanced compaction early in the crystallization of anatectic melt, whereas those with K‐feldspar frameworks formed later from the expelled fractionated melt. Trace element abundances in some biotite and plagioclase from the fractionated melt‐derived rocks indicate that these entrained minerals were derived from the wall rocks. Results from the Kinawa migmatites indicate that the key factor in generating petrological diversity during crustal reworking is that shear‐enhanced compaction drove melt segregation throughout the period that melt was present in the rocks. Segregation of melt during melting produced residuum and anatectic melt and their mixtures, whereas segregation during crystallization resulted in crystal fractionation and generated diverse plagioclase‐rich rocks and fractionated melts.     

Earthquakes and strength in the laminated lower crust —Can they be explained by the “corset model”?

We present a model that may explain deep crustal earthquakes observed, in particular, in several areas of highly reflective (laminated) lower continental crust. We combine observations from earthquake seismology, crustal reflection seismics and tectonic-rheological concepts. The study concentrates on parts of the northern Alpine foreland where many earthquakes occur inside the laminated lower crust, which is generally considered to be warm and weak. Thin mafic/ultramafic, sill-like intrusions and invisible dykes are assumed to form a corset-like network with high strength. This model can explain the observed strong and multiple reflections and the occurrence of rupture inside a stable structure within a weak lower crust. Tectonic stress transfer (from the Alpine collision zone or/and the Upper Rhine Graben) and its release may follow classical friction concepts. In addition, the heterogeneity of the laminated lower crust may also favour various viscous instabilities.