Hybrid time integration and coupled solution methods for nonlinear finite element analysis of partially saturated deformable porous media at small strain

The goal of the paper is to determine the most efficient, yet accurate and stable, finite element nonlinear solution method for analysis of partially saturated deformable porous media at small strain. This involves a comparison between fully implicit, semi‐implicit, and explicit time integration schemes, with monolithically coupled and staggered‐coupled nonlinear solution methods and the hybrid combination thereof. The pore air pressure p_a is assumed atmospheric, that is, p_a=0 at reference pressure. The solid skeleton is assumed to be pressure‐sensitive nonlinear isotropic elastic. Coupled partially saturated ‘consolidation’ in the presence of surface infiltration and traction is simulated for a simple one‐dimensional uniaxial strain example and a more complicated plane strain slope example with gravity loading. Three mixed plane strain quadrilateral elements are considered: (i) Q4P4; (ii) stabilized Q4P4S; and (iii) Q9P4; “Q” refers to the number of solid skeleton displacement nodes, and “P” refers to the number of pore fluid pressure nodes. The verification of the implementation against an analytical solution for partially saturated pore water flow (no solid skeleton deformation) and comparison between the three time integration schemes (fully implicit, semi‐implicit, and explicit) are presented. It is observed that one of the staggered‐coupled semi‐implicit schemes (SIS(b)), combined with the fully implicit monolithically coupled scheme to resolve sharp transients, is the most efficient computationally. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS/BDS-2/Galileo混合双差相对定位模型应用于短基线精密定位研究

对单/双频GPS/BDS/Galileo混合双差相对定位模型算法进行研究,推导了GPS/BDS/Galileo混合双差相对定位模型。选择短基线数据进行实验,对GPS、GPS/BDS标准双差、GPS/BDS混合双差、GPS/Galileo混合双差以及GPS/BDS/Galileo混合双差解算模式在定位精度、模糊度固定速度方面进行对比分析。结果表明,相对于GPS单系统或GPS/BDS双系统标准双差解算模式,双系统或三系统混合双差解算模式能有效提高模糊度首次固定时间,定位精度也有一定程度的提升。     

Modelling snow water equivalent and spring runoff in a boreal watershed,James Bay,Canada

The hydrology of boreal regions is strongly influenced by seasonal snow accumulation and melt. In this study, we compare simulations of snow water equivalent (SWE) and streamflow by using the hydrological model HYDROTEL with two contrasting approaches for snow modelling: a mixed degree‐day/energy balance model (small number of inputs, but several calibration parameters needed) and the thermodynamic model CROCUS (large number of inputs, but no calibration parameter needed). The study site, in Northern Quebec, Canada was equipped with a ground‐based gamma ray sensor measuring the SWE continuously for 5 years in a small forest clearing. The first simulation of CROCUS showed a tendency to underestimate SWE, attributable to bias in the meteorological inputs. We found that it was appropriate to use a threshold of 2 °C to separate rain and snow. We also applied a correction to account for snowfall undercatch by the precipitation gauge. After these modifications to the input dataset, we noticed that CROCUS clearly overestimated the SWE, likely as a result of not including loss in SWE because of blowing snow sublimation and relocation. To correct this, we included into CROCUS a simple parameterisation effective after a certain wind speed threshold, after which the thermodynamic model performed much better than the traditional mixed degree‐day/energy balance model. HYDROTEL was then used to simulate streamflow with both snow models. With CROCUS, the main peak flow could be captured, but the second peak because of delayed snowmelt from forested areas could not be reproduced due to a lack of sub‐canopy radiation data to feed CROCUS. Despite the relative homogeneity of the boreal landscape, data inputs from each land cover type are needed to generate satisfying simulation of the spring runoff. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of non‐planar three‐dimensional hydraulic fracture propagation

Hydraulic fracturing is the method of choice to enhance reservoir permeability and well efficiency for extraction of shale gas. Multi‐stranded non‐planar hydraulic fractures are often observed in stimulation sites. Non‐planar fractures propagating from wellbores inclined from the direction of maximum horizontal stress have also been reported. The pressure required to propagate non‐planar fractures is in general higher than in the case of planar fractures. Current computational methods for the simulation of hydraulic fractures generally assume single, symmetric, and planar crack geometries. In order to better understand hydraulic fracturing in complex‐layered naturally fractured reservoirs, fully 3D models need to be developed. In this paper, we present simulations of 3D non‐planar fracture propagation using an adaptive generalized FEM. This method greatly facilitates the discretization of complex 3D fractures, as finite element faces are not required to fit the crack surfaces. A solution strategy for fully automatic propagation of arbitrary 3D cracks is presented. The fracture surface on which pressure is applied is also automatically updated at each step. An efficient technique to numerically integrate boundary conditions on crack surfaces is also proposed and implemented. Strongly graded localized refinement and analytical asymptotic expansions are used as enrichment functions in the neighborhood of fracture fronts to increase the computational accuracy and efficiency of the method. Stress intensity factors with pressure on crack faces are extracted using the contour integral method. Various non‐planar crack geometries are investigated to demonstrate the robustness and flexibility of the proposed simulation methodology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relating nitrogen export patterns from a mixed land use catchment in NW Spain with rainfall and streamflow

The temporal variability in nitrogen (N) transport in the Corbeira agroforestry catchment (NW Spain) was analysed from October 2004 to September 2008. Nitrate (NO₃–N) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) loads and concentrations were determined at various timescales (annual, seasonal and event). The results revealed a strong intra‐annual and inter‐annual variability in N transport influenced by weather patterns and consequently by the hydrological regime. Mean annual export of total N in the catchment was 5.5 kg ha^?1 year^?1, with NO₃–N being the dominant form. Runoff events comprised 10% of the study period but contributed 40 and 61% of the total NO₃–N and TKN loads, respectively. The NO₃–N and TKN concentrations were higher during runoff events than under baseflow conditions, pointing to diffuse sources of N. The mobilization of TKN during runoff events was attributed to surface runoff, while NO₃–N might be related to subsurface and groundwater flow. Runoff events were characterized by high variability in N loads and concentrations. Higher variability was observed in N loads than in N concentrations, indicating that event magnitude plays an important role in N transport in this catchment; event magnitude explained approximately 96% of the NO₃–N load. However, a combination of variables related to runoff event intensity (rainfall, discharge increase and kinetic energy) explained only 66% of the TKN load. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于混合像元分解的毛乌素沙地红碱淖面积提取及变化监测

 基于混合像元分解法,利用Landsat卫星遥感数据提取红碱淖湖面面积,监测36 a来红碱淖湖面面积的动态变化。结果表明,1973—2009年红碱淖湖面面积总体减小19.7 km2,变化率为-34%。20世纪70年代,湖面面积较大且变化率较小,1974年湖面面积最大,为59.97 km2;80年代湖面面积开始大幅减小,变化率为-12.4%;90年代湖面面积缩小变慢,变化率为-10.6%;21世纪初,湖面面积萎缩迅速加快,变化率达-16.6%,2009年湖面面积仅为38.33 km2。2001—2002年内湖面面积变化情况监测表明,3—5月湖面面积较大,6—11月湖面面积逐渐缩小。2001年11月到2002年3月,湖面面积处于增大期,变化率为+2.2%;2001年5—11月、2002年3—11月面积缩小,变化率分别为-4.4%、-4.1%。     

南海西南海盆壳幔结构重力反演与热模拟分析

壳幔结构及扩张期后的岩浆活动是研究南海西南海盆形成演化的关键.本文针对NH973-1剖面开展壳幔密度结构重力反演,并依据重力反演的壳幔模型,定量模拟海底扩张期后的壳幔热结构与热演化过程.重力反演表明:西南海盆中央残余扩张脊之下存在一个较深的凹陷带,其下Moho面比两侧略深,呈现扩张期后的热沉降特点.热模拟发现:海盆扩张...     

高光谱影像混合像元分解比较研究

遥感混合像元分解,作为一种遥感分类与制图的方法,具有其独特的优势.利用新疆阜康地区的Hyperion遥感影像,在ENVI/IDL软件运行环境下,分别采用沙漏算法,SMACC算法和体积法进行端元提取,并对3种方法进行了比较分析,从中选择符合实际的沙漏算法提取的端元,作为最终端元.在此基础上,分别运用最小二乘法、OSP算法...     

基于改进模态参数灵敏度法的结构损伤识别研究

推导了模态参数对于损伤构件的一阶和二阶灵敏度矩阵,并对在推导一阶和二阶振型灵敏度的过程中产生的模态截尾误差进行了改进。根据泰勒级数展开的原理分别建立了一阶和二阶的灵敏度方程。考虑到一阶灵敏度方程求解速度快和二阶灵敏度方程求解精度高的特点,本文提出了一种用于结构损伤识别的混合迭代算法,该算法用二阶非线性的解析解作为算法的第一次迭代值,用一阶灵敏度方程的求解值对该算法的第一次迭代值进行关于泰勒级数截尾误差的修正。研究表明,本文提出的混合迭代算法由于采用了精确度较高的二阶非线性解析解作为迭代修正的初值,因此,迭代修正精度更高,收敛性更好。     

关于水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量的探讨

通过工程实例,介绍了水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量的理论计算,通过实际沉降观测数据推导出水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量的实际值,并与天然地基的压缩模量进行对比,提出了水泥土搅拌桩复合地基压缩模量计算公式修正系数的概念。