湖南板溪脉岩的年代学、岩石学、地球化学及其构造环境

湘中地区的锑(金)成矿多与脉岩相伴生,对其成因及对矿床成矿作用的贡献至今仍不清楚。本文通过对板溪石英斑岩脉的研究表明,全岩KAr年龄为200Ma±,至少比板溪锑矿成矿晚200Ma,因此脉岩与成矿不存在成因联系。板溪脉岩显示过铝质特征,其A/CNK为1.08～2.61,A/NK为1.08～2.71,K2O为0.9%～3.66%,K2O+Na2O为4.28%～7.5%,大多数样品的K2O/Na2O小于1。稀土元素以相对富集LREE,LREE分馏不明显、HREE分馏明显,配分曲线右倾为特点,其(La/Yb)n为14.47～28.11,(Gd/Yb)n为9.8～14.3,并且具强负Eu异常,δEu为0.05～0.14,这表明岩石在成岩演化过程中,经历了强的分异结晶作用。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,脉体相对富集LILE,并具Ti和P负异常。(87Sr/86Sr)i变化范围较大,为0.6653～0.7149,其中B3样品的(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.7149,与来自地壳上部的花岗岩的87Sr/86Sr初始比值相当。在构造环境判别图中,样品显示岛弧/同碰撞花岗岩的特点。结合前人的研究成果,笔者推测板溪脉岩为地壳上部岩石部分熔融的产物,并经历了混染和高度的分异演化。其动力来源为200Ma左右,地壳叠置加厚作用后幔源岩浆的底侵作用。     

全新世以来辽河三角洲地区的化学风化及其对气候变化的响应

以辽河三角洲ZK2孔为研究对象,对其57件沉积物样品进行常量元素测试和分析。研究表明,该地区总体遭受的化学风化作用较弱,基本处于化学风化的初期阶段,与所处纬度整体化学风化特征类似。将该区全新世以来的气候变化过程分为如下5个阶段:全新世早期(11.0—8.8 cal ka BP):化学风化程度逐渐增强,气候逐步向温湿方向发展;全新世早中期(8.8—6.9cal ka BP):化学风化程度最强,气候暖湿;全新世中期(6.9—4.6cal ka BP):风化强度较强,但有减弱的趋势,气候温湿;全新世中晚期(4.6—1.3 cal ka BP):化学风化程度在该时期属于最弱阶段,气候冷干;全新世晚期(1.3 cal ka BP—至今):气候温干,风化程度有所增强。总体来说,该区常量元素反映的气候变化过程与石笋δ~(18)O曲线基本一致,揭示了常量元素在反演气候变化过程中有一定的作用。     

Geology and geochemistry of basaltic lava flows and dikes from the Trans-Koolau tunnel, Oahu, Hawaii

A 200-m section of Koolau basalt was sampled in the 1.6-km Trans-Koolau (T–K) tunnel. The section includes 126 aa and pahoehoe lava flows, five dikes and ten thin ash units. This volcanic section and the physical characteristics of the lava flows indicate derivation from the nearby northwest rift zone of the Koolau shield. The top of the section is inferred to be 500–600 m below the pre-erosional surface of the Koolau shield. Therefore, compared with previously studied Koolau lavas, this section provides a deeper, presumably older, sampling of the shield. Shield lavas from Koolau Volcano define a geochemical end-member for Hawaiian shields. Most of the tunnel lavas have the distinctive major and trace element abundance features (e.g. relatively high SiO₂ content and Zr/Nb abundance ratio) that characterize Koolau lavas. In addition, relative to the recent shield lavas erupted at Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, most Koolau lavas have lower abundances of Sc, Y and Yb at a given MgO content; this result is consistent with a more important role for residual garnet during the partial melting processes that created Koolau shield lavas. Koolau lavas with the strongest residual garnet signature have relatively high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O, and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd. These isotopic characteristics have been previously interpreted to reflect a source component of recycled oceanic crust that was recrystallized to garnet pyroxenite. This component also has high La/Nb and relatively low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, geochemical characteristics which are attributed to ancient pelagic sediment in the recycled crust. Although most Koolau lavas define a geochemical endmember for Hawaiian shield lavas, there is considerable intrashield geochemical variability that is inferred to reflect source characteristics. The oldest T–K tunnel lava flow is an example. It has the lowest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Zr/Nb and La/Nb, and the highest ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio found in Koolau lavas. In most respects it is similar to lavas from Kilauea Volcano. Therefore, the geochemical characteristics of the Koolau shield, which define an end member for Hawaiian shields, reflect an important role for recycled oceanic crust, but the proportion of this crust in the source varied during growth of the Koolau shield. Received: 1 June 1998 / Accepted: 30 August 1998     

层状地壳的等效力学模量和分层应力

针对地球动力学研究中的板壳力学模型的分层问题,根据等效原则, 给出了用各分层弹性参数和厚度表示的中性面位置、折合抗弯刚度和等效弹性参数。结合实际地壳受横向和侧向力作用时产生的弯曲形变和应力,具体介绍了用这种折算模量的方法去求解地壳中的应力、应变状态, 并通过比较等效应力与各分层应力的差异, 阐明了岩石力学性质的不同对各圈层应力的影响作用。研究进一步表明,来自地壳深部的垂直向上的力是造成上部地壳伸展类构造的重要因素之一。     

Anomalies of geophysical field in deep crust and earthquakes in Central-South Shanxi

Comprehensive studies on the crustal structures, the anomalies of geophysical field and the seismicity in Central-South Shanxi are conducted. The research results show that there are deep tectonic background for occurring moderate earthquakes in Lingshi-Jiexiu region between Linfen and Taiyuan. From now on, the region should be attached closely.     

Distribution of Rb and Sr in the Luochuan loess- paleosol sequence of China during the last 800 ka

The concentrations of Rb and Sr, and magnetic susceptibility in loess and paleosol samples from the Luochum profile have been measured. The loess units deposited in different geological periods display a very similar pattern of Rb and Sr distribution while paleosol units exhibit a dramatic increase in the Rb/Sr ratio, ranging from 20% to 120% in increase amplitude. Owing to different geochemical behavior of the two elements, Rb appears to be immobile while Sr appears to be mobile in the processes of weathering and pedogenesis. So variations of the Rb/Sr ratio in the loess-paleosol sequences could reflect intensities of weathering and pedogenesis, thus recording the relative wind strength of the East Asian summer monsoon circulation. This could be supported by the high degree of cornlation between the Rb/Sr ratio and the magnetic susceptibility. A continuous record of the Rb/Sr ratio in the Luochuan profile over the last 800 ka bears a striking resemblance to the δ¹⁸ O curve of the deep sea sediments and is in accordance with the SPECMAP chronology. Such similarity between the terrestrial and the deep sea records suggests that variability in global ice volume is a primary dynamic factor controlling long-term changes of the East Asian summer monsoon intensity. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49725307).     

华南山字型构造体系的厘定及意义

华南山字型的前弧展布于中国大陆南缘和越南北部,南抵西沙纬向带北侧。西翼反射弧出现于念青唐古拉-伯舒拉岭及其南侧,东翼反射弧位于南黄海地区,沿弧形带以中、新生代岩浆岩和构造动力变质带的弧形展布为显著特色。它的脊柱在川、黔、滇、桂毗邻地区,以近SN向褶皱带为主体。华南山字型是印支期发生发展,燕山期成型和定型,喜马拉雅期仍有较强活动的构造体系。该体系的确定,对研究华南地质构造格架与矿产资源的形成和分布规律具有重要意义。实际上,它是特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域间的纽带.      

INDEPTH 与 INDEPTH-MT 项目简介

摘　 要　 介绍了 “国际喜马拉雅和西藏高原深剖面及综合研究” （简称 INDEPTH） 项目概况、 科学目标和已取得的主要科学成果。着重阐述了作为该项目组成部分的由中国地质大学 （北 京）、美国华盛顿大学 （西雅图）、加拿大地质调查局合作进行的 “国际喜马拉雅和西藏高原 深剖面探测的大地电磁研究” （简称 INDEPTH-MT） 的任务、科学目标和主要成果以及采用 的仪器设备、野外数据采集的方法和技术以及数据处理与反演方法所具有的特色和先进性。     

湖北蛇屋山卡林型金矿地质及成因

蛇屋山金矿产于以寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩为主体的倒转背斜及双重逆冲构造中;矿床属低温热液成因(原生金矿);浅部矿体,即缓倾斜断层构造岩中的原生金矿,经历了第三纪以来近亿年的风化淋滤改造,成为可露采、易堆浸的风化金矿床;矿石品位低,金呈微细粒浸染状。与美国卡林型金矿类比,该矿属卡林型金矿。蛇屋山卡林型金矿分为原生金矿和风化金矿两个亚类。     

地壳分展模式

本文旨在综合分析早期经典的和近年来提出的陆壳的９种分层模式,既包括地球物理的,也包括构造变形、变质和物质成分的,指明它们之间的联系和区别。结合地质和地球物理的最新进展,本文对这些模式进行了评介,对莫霍面、下地壳组分及反射下地壳的地质意义提出了看法．这些模式,尤其是近年来提出的大陆壳分层的几种模式无疑对地质和地球物理学家进一步认识和了解陆壳的复杂地质作用、地壳和地球的演化及早寒武纪地质是有益的．