2017年8月8日四川九寨沟M 7.0地震震源深度测定

2017年8月8日四川阿坝州九寨沟县发生M 7.0地震,随后发生一系列余震。该地震发生在川甘交界处四川一侧。国内外科研机构对主震的震源深度给出不同结果。本文采用PTD方法,采用四川省地震台网测定的震相数据,基于四川2015地壳速度模型,计算得到M 7.0主震震源深度为13 km,利用甘肃省地震台网震相数据,基于甘肃2015地壳速度模型,计算得到主震震源深度为12 km。震后流动台架设后,由近台证明PTD测定深度结果的可靠性。另外,计算M 3.0以上余震的震源深度。所有震相数据来自中国地震台网中心编目数据库。     

渤海湾西南缘及其邻近地区地壳结构特征

利用2011年8月在渤海湾的探测剖面资料及其周缘地震测深剖面的结果,对渤海湾探测剖面的数据资料进行一、二维处理,计算和综合解释研究,获得了渤海湾西南缘及其邻近地区二维地壳速度结构和构造的基本特征、断层的空间展布特征和深浅部地质构造环境等.研究结果表明,沿剖面具有明显的层状结构,不同区域的地壳速度结构在纵向和横向上均具有明显的非均匀性.基底厚度由渤海湾附近向SW方向逐渐减薄,在220km桩号下方G界面的埋深为7.4km.中间层厚度变化较大,变化幅度达4.0kr.莫霍面由沿海向SW方向逐渐加深,变化幅度为2.0kr左右.     

Sources and transport of nitrate constrained by the isotopic technique in a karst catchment: an example from Southwest China

The concentration and isotopic composition of nitrate were analyzed to improve an understanding of nitrate sources and transformation processes in a typical karstic agricultural field in the Houzhai catchment, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The results revealed that no distinct spatial pattern of content and isotopic composition of nitrate exists in this karst catchment. Nitrate in surface stream (SFS) had slightly lighter isotopic composition and lower concentration compared with nitrate in subterranean stream (STS) during the dry season. Concentrations of SFS nitrate increased to concentrations similar to those of STS during the wet season. The isotopic values indicated that nitrate were mainly impacted by manure sources during the dry season and influenced by a mix of chemical fertilizer and manure during the wet season. The denitrification rates were roughly estimated based on the isotopic compositions of nitrate after considering volatilization and ignoring assimilation. The calculated result showed that approximately one fifth of nitrate load was removed by denitrification in the catchment. Annual nitrate flux from the outlets accounted for 14.2% of applied total fertilizers used in the catchment, approximately 85% of total transported flux from the catchment in the wet season. Furthermore, chemical weathering processes were enhanced by using nitrogen fertilizer because liberated protons and enhanced HCO₃^? flux were produced through by nitrification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡地区上地壳结构的远震虚震源反射地震成像

远震虚震源反射成像方法利用远震初至波在台网之下地表与地下界面间形成的反射波(PPdp震相)波形资料进行台网地区地震反射结构研究.此方法先用台网各台站的平均初至波形求取震源信号,再用该震源信号与各道地震记录作反褶积从而取得反射剖面.本文介绍了远震虚震源反射成像的基本原理和实现步骤,并以三峡地区的观测资料为例,得到三峡库首区上地壳的反射地震剖面.成像剖面中解释出的四川盆地和秭归盆地的底界面位置和形态与地表地质观测和大地构造背景吻合.为验证虚震源成像的能力,本文使用弹性波正演模拟合成地震数据,经过处理实际资料一样的步骤获得虚震源成像结果.正演模拟表明,叠加多个远震的反射地震剖面可以有效地改善成像的信噪比和连续性;虚震源成像需要选择特定的震源频率范围,以减轻高频噪音以及低频造成的成像问题.在研究上地壳结构时,建议在不适合主动源采集和缺乏低频信号的地区尝试远震虚震源方法.     

南北地震带大地形变监测与大震预测问题思考

本文以南北地震带及其附近地区大地形变监测与地震预测实践为基础,简要总结回顾了利用大地形变进行强震预测研究的工作思路、方法和一些进展;进而结合2001年昆仑山口西8．1级、2008年四川汶川8．0级特大地震前区域地壳运动变形背景和已有的研究结果,分析和探讨了基于大地形变监测,并考虑地震构造的差异性来进一步提高大震预测的科...     

Evidence for climatic and hillslope‐aspect controls on vadose zone hydrology and implications for saprolite weathering

Through the delivery of water in snowmelt, climate should govern the rate and extent of saprolite formation in snow‐dominated mountain watersheds, yet the mechanisms by which water flows deeply into regolith are largely unexplored. In this study we link rainfall, snow depth, and water content data from both soil and shallow saprolite to document vadose zone dynamics in two montane catchments over 2 years. Measurements of snow pack thickness and soil moisture reveal strong contrasts between north‐ and south‐facing slopes in both the timing of meltwater delivery and the duration of significant soil wetting in the shallow vadose zone. Despite similar magnitudes of snowmelt recharge, north‐facing slopes have higher sustained soil moisture compared to south‐facing slopes. To help interpret these observations, we use a 2D numerical model of vadose zone dynamics to calculate the expected space–time moisture patterns on an idealized hillslope under two wetting scenarios: a single sustained recharge pulse versus a set of short pulses. The model predicts that the duration of the recharge event exerts a stronger control on the depth and residence time of water in the upper unsaturated zone than the magnitude of the recharge event. Model calculations also imply that water should move more slowly through the subsurface and downward water flux should be substantially reduced when water is applied in several pulses rather than in one sustained event. The results suggest that thicker soil and more deeply weathered rock on north‐facing slopes may reflect greater water supply to the deep subsurface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of crust thickness in runoff generation from microbiotic crusts

Contrary to humid areas where runoff takes place following the saturation of the soil column, runoff in arid and semiarid zones takes place when rain intensities exceed the infiltration capability of the upper soil crust, whether physical crust or microbiotic crust (MC). This type of overland flow, known as Hortonian overland flow (HOF), is not fully understood, especially in the case of MC. In particular, little is known regarding the effect of crust thickness and its fine (silt and clay) content on runoff generation, with some scholars claiming that runoff generation is positively correlated with crust thickness and fine content. In an attempt to determine the effect of crust thickness and to assess the role played by the silt and clay on runoff generation, a set of field and lab experiments were undertaken on MCs inhabiting sand dunes in the Negev Desert (Israel). These included sprinkling experiments coupled with measurements of the physical (thickness, silt and clay) and biological (chlorophyll, protein, total carbohydrates) properties of 0.5–10‐mm‐thick crusts. The data showed that runoff generation took place on surfaces as thin as ~0.5–0.7 mm only, and was not correlated with the fine (silt and clay) content. The implications for HOF and for arid ecosystems are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大陆中、下地壳电学特征实验研究①

高温高压下地壳物质电导率的实验室测定是研究大陆中、下地壳高导层成因的重要方法之一。研究表明,水、石墨、部分熔融以及矿物脱水都可能形成地壳高导层,在不同构造环境和深度下这些机制起着不同的作用。为解释中地壳高导层,水的存在是必不可少的条件,在下地壳,水、石墨、部分熔融以及矿物脱水、甚至特定的干的下地壳岩石都可解释大地电磁测量结果。     

Estimates of coda Q attenuation in the João Câmara area (Northeastern Brazil)

S coda wave of seventy-four local earthquakes recorded in a network of ten seismic stations were used to calculate coda Q attenuation (Q_c) in the João Câmara area (northeastern Brazil). The estimates show Q_c as a strong function of frequency in the range from 6.0 to 20.0 Hz. We found out that Q_c in João Câmara has a functional form given by Q_c= Q₀ f, where Q₀= 151 ± 99 and = 0.98 ± 0.05. If the standard deviations are taken into account,we conclude that there are no relevant changes in both Q₀ and values from one station to another. The estimated Q₀ values at the different stations suggest that the Samambaia fault is a boundary between two different seismic attenuation zones. In one side of the fault (left), where stations were installed in Pre-Cambrian terrain and thick sedimentary layer, the seismic attenuation is stronger than in the other side (stations installed in thin sedimentary layer and limestone outcrop).The anomalous Q₀ values in the left side of the Samambaia fault can be explained due to the presence of a shallow conductive layer in the upper crust( 10 km), such as proposed by Padilha et al. (1992). According to our results, if there is a conductive layer in the area, it probably spreads over João Câmara city and surrounding regions.However, more detailed investigation either with seismic methods (seismic attenuation,3D tomography with P and/or S wave velocities) or with other geophysical methods is needed to interpret the observed differences in Q₀ values between the two sides of the Samambaia fault.     

Formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the deep Earth's crust

Formation of reservoirs in crystalline rocks is associated with the development of rifts, with the periodic axial plunge of the rift floor during the extension of the Earth's crust, and with the elevation of consolidated basement masses during a compression phase.