成因地层分析方法在陆相盆地填图中的应用—以冀北滦平陆相火山—沉积盆地为例

成因地层分析是陆相盆地填图中行之有效的方法。构成盆地的成因地层单位具有多级性,次级成因单位是组成高级成因地层单位的基本要素。正确地识别和划分岩性相、岩性相组合和沉积体系,对合理划分岩石地层单位、查明其成因环境、沉积作用和空间配置关系,研究盆地的发生发展及建立盆地地层格架等均具有重要意义。滦平盆地填图中成功的采用了成因地层分析方法,划分出14个岩性相和10个岩性相组合,根据各岩性相组合的成因联系和空间关系,进一步划分出冲积扇沉积体系、扇三角洲沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系。并根据各沉积体系的空间配置和变化规律,客观地划分了正式和非正式填图单位。     

芦山地震崩滑灾害空间分布及相关问题探讨

由于逆断层作用,2013年芦山M_S 7.0地震诱发的崩滑地质灾害分布表现出了明显的上盘效应与方向效应。在震后应急科考中未发现发震断层的地表破裂带,然而灾区大量出现的地震诱发滑坡、崩塌,加之密集的余震分布、地震烈度调查结果等,提供了确定芦山地震宏观震中、地震动错动方向以及研究地震发震构造等的诸多线索。 统计结果表明,芦山地震诱发的滑坡、崩塌具有明显的优势滑动方向（135°～144°）,该方向揭示了地震断层的错动方向,与震源机制解反映的一致,大体垂直于发震断层的走向;从地震诱发崩塌、滑坡灾害点的分布与密度判断,宏观震中位于宝盛乡北,在仪器记录震中东北约3.6km处;从余震群分布、地震诱发滑坡分布特点及地震等烈度线等,结合以往强震如汶川地震等的调查经验,推测当震级足够大时,发震断层地表破裂带可能通过地质灾害、余震密集区东侧的边缘地带,总体平行于双石-大川断裂。另外,通过分析地层岩性与崩滑地形条件之间的关联性,发现崩滑灾害在某些地层岩性中易发,灾害点呈线性排列的原因是不同地层岩性之间抗风化能力的差异性,造成在地层分界线上形成线性陡崖或高坡度地带,使之在强震作用下容易发生崩塌、滑坡。     

陆相咸化湖泊沉积硫酸盐岩硫同位素组成及其地质意义

现代海洋中的硫酸盐矿物和海水硫酸盐本身常有相似的硫同位素组成,因而可根据现代蒸发岩的硫酸盐同位素来判断古环境。据李任伟［１］引用Ｈｏｌｓｅｒ和Ｋａｐｌａｎ及格里年科的资料报道,海相蒸发岩及其所反映的古海洋硫酸盐的硫同位素组成只在较狭窄的范围内变化,现...     

全波形反演在缝洞型储层速度建模中的应用

速度是地震偏移成像准确与否的关键所在.全波形反演综合利用地震波场运动学和动力学信息,能够得到相比传统速度建模方法更高频的成分.全波形反演的理论比较成熟,但实际应用成功的例子相对较少,特别是对于陆上地震资料.塔里木盆地地震地质条件复杂,为了实现缝洞型储层的准确成像,本文开展了针对目标靶区的全波形反演精细速度建场研究.采用一种时间域分层多尺度全波形反演流程:首先通过层析成像建立初始速度模型;其次利用折射波反演浅层速度模型;最后利用反射波反演中深层速度模型.偏移成像结果表明基于全波形反演的速度建模技术能有效改善火成岩下伏构造的成像精度,显示了全波形反演在常规陆上采集资料的应用潜力.     

Use of fly ash with no water consumption for cold regions transportation infrastructure

The construction period in cold regions is very short due to problems related to excavation and use of frozen soils in embankment construction, which leads to excessive deformations upon thawing. Also, handling of compaction water is critical due to freezing temperatures. Coalburning thermal power plants are very common in cold regions to supply electricity. The inorganic part of the pulverized coal after burning produces fly ash, which is available in large volumes. Due to excavation difficulties and the poor engineering behavior of frozen soils in cold regions, the utilization of fly ash when it is readily available must be promoted. Any construction technique which utilizes alternative materials like fly ash and minimizes water consumption has a potential to extend the short construction season and even allow service and maintenance during extreme weather conditions. This paper presents two potential techniques to solve the moisture affinity of silt-sized materials like fly ash. One technique involves in-plant production of fly ash pellets using cold-bonding pelletization to manufacture aggregates of up to 40,000-μm diameter from 15- to 60-μm-diameter fly ash grains. Large disc pelletizers have annual production capacities of up to one million ton at a reasonable cost. The product has adequate strength for embankment construction even when no water is used and no compaction is applied. The second technique is an in situ mixing technique which uses snow instead of compaction water for fly ash. The snow is the main element in this technique to compact the embankment. Water is needed for the hydration reactions to form cementitious minerals in fly ash. The slower the hydration reaction, the greater the crystal growth of cementitious minerals. In the proposed technique, in situ snow is mixed with fly ash and is compacted on-site. The temperature increase due to the hydration reaction of fly ash upon contact with snow crystals provides water for continued long-term hydration, which results in high strength, a high void ratio, light weight, and high thermal insulation capability. The presented techniques have the potential to extend the short construction season in cold regions and will provide fill material, decreasing the need for excavation. Both techniques are well documented under laboratory conditions, the research results have been published, and the techniques are ready for field trials to assess implementability.     

云岭隧道围岩监测免疫智能正演反分析

深埋长隧道中大变形、高应力、复杂的工程地质环境和长期使用需要使得对隧道围岩的稳定性分析成为决定深埋长大隧道工程成败的关键问题.利用位移反分析法分析确定围岩参数是目前研究的一个重点, 用以处理隧道围岩物理力学参数与量测信息之间的非线性关系, 对围岩二次支护方案进行判断、调整.而人工智能在识别、表达与处理这种复杂的非线性关系方面表现了极强的能力.通过对十漫高速公路云岭隧道围岩变形进行监控测量, 结合生物仿真系统和快速拉格朗日分析软件(FLAC) 进行正演分析, 利用神经网络的高度非线性、网络推理和网络耦合能力, 通过数值分析软件获得神经网络训练所需要的输出向量, 以可自适应调节的免疫算法为搜索工具对参数进行全局空间搜寻, 寻找最佳网络结构, 利用量测信息反分析寻找最佳参数, 得出结果再通过正向计算进行验证.通过智能反演分析, 改进了原勘测资料中的建议值, 调整了支护方案, 得到满意结论.表明本文所提反演分析对隧道围岩稳定性评价及信息化设计的实际意义.      

Geomorphologic and Palaeoenvironmental Development of Holocene Perched Coastal Dune Systems in Brittany, France

Two perched dune systems are investigated in the Baie d'Audierne (Finistère, Brittany, northwest France). A maximum age of 4545–4160 cal. yr bp for the onset of sand accretion is provided through radiocarbon (¹⁴C) analysis of an organic-rich basal palaeosol, corresponding closely to deceleration, but before stabilisation, of regional Holocene relative sea levels (RSLs). Molluscan analysis through the dune sand indicates an initial bare sand or sparsely vegetated surface, subsequently maturing and colonised by scrub vegetation, and finally returning to more open dune grassland conditions. These data suggest a three-stage Perched Dune Development Model (PDDM), which may be applicable to perched dunes on at least a regional scale: (1) initial sand sheet inundation as RSL rises; (2) stabilisation of RSL allowing dune to mature; and (3) sea-level stabilisation stimulates cliff formation, perching and progressive landward retreat of the dune shore. This study recognises that perched dunes hold greater potential for establishing chronologies for regional Holocene dune development than the more widely studied lowland dune systems, where evidence for early sand inundation may be obscured or lost by modest rises in sea level.     

北秦岭晋宁期中酸性侵入岩带地球化学特征与构造环境

北秦岭侵入岩带中的中酸性侵入岩主要形成于晋宁旋回的中晚期阶段。主要岩石类型包括辉石闪长岩、闪长岩、石英闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、斜长花岗岩、花岗岩和钾长花岗岩。岩石化学、稀土元素和微量元素地球化学研究证明,这些岩石主要形成于B型俯冲和碰撞造山的构造环境中,而钾长花岗岩形成于后造山的伸展阶段。据此,该侵入岩带揭示了北秦岭褶皱带在晋宁旋回中晚期阶段的演化过程。     

黔中—渝南铝土矿含矿岩系微量元素区域分布特征及物质来源探讨

黔中—渝南成矿带石炭纪铝土矿含矿岩系,分别形成于修文、息烽—遵义和黔北—渝南三个沉积区,大多数铝土矿属产于碳酸盐岩侵蚀面上的、少数为产于泥页岩侵蚀面上的硬水铝石沉积型铝土矿床。修文沉积区铝土矿中Zr、RE₂O₃含量最多,息烽—遵义沉积区铝土矿中Ga含量最多,黔北—渝南沉积区Li含量最多,各有特色。修文沉积区铝土矿含矿岩系的母岩,是其下伏寒武系碳酸盐岩与下奥陶统页岩、灰岩、白云岩;息烽—遵义沉积区含矿岩系的母岩为下伏下奥陶统页岩、灰岩及白云岩;黔北—渝南沉积区含矿岩系的母岩,是下伏下志留统泥、页岩和上石炭统石灰岩。碳酸盐岩中Al₂O₃与稳定的微量元素含量甚少,要演变成大面积铝土矿,必须要配以足够的含Al₂O₃和微量元素较多的泥、页岩,才可能满足形成大规模铝土矿的物质需求。     

海底硬岩钻探的现状与前景分析

海底硬岩是世界大洋钻探实现“莫霍钻”目标必然钻遇的地层。世界大洋钻探实施的航次中已多次钻遇海底硬岩,不仅采获了岩心样品,也在钻进施工中发现了诸多问题。本文搜集了近年来世界大洋钻探实施的309、312、335、360和384等有关海底硬岩钻探航次的资料,在对航次情况简要介绍的基础上,重点阐述了目前海底硬岩钻探在钻头、井壁稳定以及取心工具等方面遇到的挑战以及采取的应对措施,并对今后海底硬岩钻探的发展进行了展望。