贵州主要城市地表松散沉积物中微量元素与土壤环境

通过贵阳等九个城市地表土壤和水系沉积物中的微量元素地球化学分析表明,城市环境不同程度地遭受有微量元素污染.在自然作用和人为作用过程中,微量元素造成城市的大气污染、水土污染、元素异常、环境灾变等环境问题,笔者认为,贵州城市地表土壤和沉积物中的生命有害元素污染,可能对长江和珠江流域造成不良影响,应尽快开展多目标生态环境地球化学调查,科学准确的划分地表环境的安全、隐患及污染区,并对已遭受微量元素污染的地区制定出有效的修复方案和治理措施.     

大气、陆面与水文耦合模式在中国西北典型流域径流模拟中的新应用

水文模式在较长的发展阶段由简单的概念模型逐步演变复杂的分布式物理模型,大气学科的各类气候模式在近年来迅猛发展同时也逐步带动了水文学的发展。从大气、水文两个学科发展角度纵向开展研究,通过分析以往研究成果认为,虽然大气、水文模式在其各自的发展已经到达了较为完善的地步,然而其相互耦合并取长补短的优势并未发挥。在探讨大气、陆面及水文模式发展的基础上,选取XJLDAS(Xinjiang Land Data Assimilate Datasets)大气陆面同化系统,CLM3.5(Community Land Model,Version 3.5)公用陆面模式及快速汇流模式RAPID(Routing Application for Parallel computation of Discharge)作为关键耦合对象,利用以上耦合系统对新疆精博河流域径流过程进行模拟。通过研究分析,认为:XJLDAS+CLM3.5+RAPID模式可较好地重现流域地表径流年内分布状况,然而,由于陆面参数化方案选取等原因,研究区径流量出现一定偏差。此外,在本研究中发现,陆面模式径流汇流模拟结果与实际结果存在一定偏差,将这种偏差进行分析后发现:在进行大尺度水文模拟时,需要在考虑在研究区相关地理特性(如地质构造、地表覆被)基础上进行模式相应改进,以最大限度的重现大尺度径流真实过程。     

艾比湖区域地表水水化学特征干湿季变化及其控制因素

对2014年艾比湖区域的地表水进行观测和取样,综合运用多元统计、Piper阴阳离子三角图、Gibbs图等方法,对艾比湖区域干湿季地表水化学特征及控制因素进行了分析.结果表明：在湿季5月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.34%和52.97%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-;在干季10月,Na⁺和Cl^-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的70.57%和66.48%,其次是Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-.进而判断出在湿季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Na⁺型;而在干季,艾比湖区域地表水水化学类型为以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型.此外,探讨了离子控制的因素.就自然因素而言,在干湿季,艾比湖区域地表水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱.就人为因素而言,根据相关研究,干湿季人为活动中的主要因素是人口和地区生产总值,说明该区域受到人为活动的影响.本研究为我国干旱地区对于河水水化学变化、水质特征、水质保护都具有重要的意义.     

Laboratory Simulation of the Formation Process of Surface Geochemical Anomalies Applied to Hydrocarbon Exploration

The formation mechanisms and processes of geochemical anomalies used as proxies in surface geochemistry exploration (SGE) have not been well understood. Previous studies cannot realize 3D measurement of microseeping hydrocarbons from reservoirs to the surface, which made it difficult to understand the features and pathways of deep hydrocarbon microseepages. Understanding the processes of hydrocarbon microseepages will contribute to the acceptance and effectiveness of surface geochemistry. Based on a simplified geological model of hydrocarbon microseepages, including hydrocarbon reservoir, direct caprock, overlying strata and Quaternary sediments, this work established a 3D experimental system to simulate the mechanisms and processes of deep hydrocarbon microseepes extending to the surface. The dispersive halos of microseeping hydrocarbons in the subsurface were adequately described by using this 3D experimental system. Results indicate that different migration patterns of hydrocarbons above the point gas source within the simulated caprock and overlying strata can be reflected by the ratio of i-butane to n-butane (i-C4/n-C4), which follow diffusion and infiltration (buoyancy) mechanisms. This is not the case for vertical measurement lines far from the point gas source. A vertical gas flow in the form of a plume was found during hydrocarbon microseepage. For sampling methods, the high-density grid sampling is favorable for delineating prospecting targets. Hydrocarbon infiltration or buoyancy flow occurs in the zones of infiltration clusters, coupling with a diffusion mechanism at the top of the water table and forming surface geochemical anomalies. These results are significant in understanding hydrocarbon microseepage and interpreting SGE data.     

探地雷达在吉林西部地区探测土壤碱化层

吉林西部盐碱地区的探地雷达调查表明,盐碱地与耕地土的雷达回波具有明显差别,根据振幅的衰减特征可以精确区分耕地与盐碱地,根据频谱中高频峰值与土壤有机质含量的相关性可定性评价土壤的盐碱化程度.在雷达瞬时振幅图上,可将盐碱地纵向剖面分为盐分积累带和过渡带.采用探地雷达方法可快速了解盐碱化程度在深度方向上的变化,适宜开展大面积地面调查.     

陕西渭北东部岩溶水环境同位素

陕西渭北东部岩溶水系统是一个复杂的地下水系统，碳酸盐岩大面积隐伏与深埋。使用传统手段和方法勘查岩溶地下水和研究可持续开发利用方案遇到诸多困难，不仅费时，而且耗资大。本文通过系统分析研究陕西渭北东部地区岩溶地下水T、D、^180、^14C环境同位素特征，揭示岩溶水的补给迳流排泄条件、岩溶水系统边界性质以及岩溶水与黄河洛河地表水、黄河岩溶泉与洛河岩溶泉之间的补排关系。结果显示环境同位素方法简便有效，能够达到预期目的。     

Evidence of late oligocene/early miocene backthrusting in the central alpine “root zone”

Abstract

Two groups of stretching lineations can be distinguished in the Central Alpine " root zone " between Ticino and Mera :

1) Steeply plunging lineations formed during retrograde metamor-Phism under amphibolite/greenschist facies conditions indicate an uplift movement of the Central Alps. The lineations can be related to an important back-thrusting event of late Oligocene/early Miocene age.

2) Gently plunging lineations formed under lower greenschist facies conditions display a pattern typical of a dextral strike-slip system. These lineations are of early Miocene age.

This cpmbined movement, achieved by ductile deformation along the lnsubric line was followed by a stage of brittle deformation in a dextral strike-slip system (= Tonale line).

The signification of this interpretation is shown in a new crustal cross section through the Central Alpine/Southern Alpine border zone in the Iicino area.     

用趋势面分析方法提高模拟退火法反演的效率

利用模拟退火反演过程中废弃的随机搜索的模型解信息, 建立起目标函数的二阶趋势面, 根据趋势面的分析结果预测和指导模拟退火的搜索方向, 使模拟退火法快速地收敛到全局最优解.数值试验证明, 这种方法比传统模拟退火法的计算效率高出十倍以上.      

Slopewash,surface runoff and fine-litter transport in forest and landslide scars in humid-tropical steeplands,luquillo experimental forest,Puerto Rico

Rainfall, slopewash (the erosion of soil particles), surface runoff and fine-litter transport steepland sites in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico (18° 20’ N, 65° 45’ W) were measured from 1991 to 1995. Hillslopes underlain by (1) Cretaceous tuffaceous sandstone and silstone in subtropical rain (tanonuco) forest with vegetation recovering from Hurricane Hugo (1989), and (2) Tertiary quartz diorite in subtropical lower mantone wet (colorado and dwarf) forest with undisturbed forest canopy were compared to recent landslide scars. Monthly surface runoff on these very steep hillslopes (24° to 43°) was only 0·2 to 0·5 per cent of monthly rainfall. Slopewash was higher in sandy loam soils whose parent material is quartz diorite (averaging 46 g m⁻² a⁻¹) than in silty clay loam soils derived from tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone where the average was 9 g m⁻² a⁻¹. Annual slopewash of 100 to 349 g m⁻² on the surfaces of two recent, small landslide scars was measured initially but slopewash decreased to only 3 to 4 g m⁻² a⁻¹ by the end of the study. The mean annual mass of fine litter (mainly leaves and twigs) transported downslope at the forested sites ranged from 5 to 8 g m⁻² and was lower at the tabonuco forest site, where post-Hurricane Hugo recovery is still in progress. Mean annual fine-litter transport was 2·5 g m⁻² on the two landslide scars. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.