Sulphide-mining impacts in the physical environment: Sierra de Cartagena–La Unión (SE Spain) case study

The environmental impact and potential-risk assessment of an abandoned sulphide-mining site in a semiarid climate is presented here, by the study case of Sierra de Cartagena–La Unión (SE Spain), a 2,500-year-old mining district extending over an area of 100 km². The regional map illustrates the existence of 12 open-pits, 1,902 mining wells, 2,351 waste deposits, including 89 tailing dams and waste rock derived from mining processes. Mine wastes occupy an area of 9 km² and have an approximate volume of 200 Mm³. Mineralogical, physical and chemical data distinguish nine different types of mine and metallurgical waste. According to the concentration of sulphate and heavy metals in sediment, soil, rainwater, surface water and groundwater samples, it is possible to conclude that the impact of mine activities occurs not only in the immediate mining area (100 km²), but also in the surrounding areas (an affected area of 1,000 km² approximately). The hydrochemical data show that groundwater, runoff water and some rainwater samples exceed Spanish and European water quality guideline values for water supply. The main geochemical process recognised is sulphide-mineral oxidation and later-generated sulphate dissolution by groundwater and runoff. Runoff and wind are the major mechanisms of metals and sulphate transport in the study area and adjacent zones.     

机载激光雷达及高光谱的森林乔木物种多样性遥感监测

利用机载LiDAR和高光谱数据并结合37个地面调查样本数据,基于结构差异与光谱变异理论,通过相关分析法分别筛选了3个最优林冠结构参数和6个最优光谱指数,在单木尺度上利用自适应C均值模糊聚类算法,在神农架国家自然保护区开展森林乔木物种多样性监测,实现了森林乔木物种多样性的区域成图。研究结果表明,(1)基于结合形态学冠层控制的分水岭算法可以获得较高精度的单木分割结果(R~2=0.88,RMSE=13.17,P0.001);(2)基于LiDAR数据提取的9个结构参数中,95%百分位高度、冠层盖度和植被穿透率为最优结构参数,与Shannon-Wiener指数的相关性达到R~2=0.39—0.42(P0.01);(3)基于机载高光谱数据筛选的16个常用的植被指数中,CRI、OSAVI、Narrow band NDVI、SR、Vogelmann index1、PRI与Shannon-Wiener指数的相关性最高(R~2=0.37—0.45,P0.01);(4)在研究区,利用以30 m×30 m为窗口的自适应模糊C均值聚类算法可预测的最大森林乔木物种数为20,物种丰富度的预测精度为R~2=0.69,RMSE=3.11,Shannon-Wiener指数的预测精度为R~2=0.70,RMSE=0.32。该研究在亚热带森林开展乔木物种多样性监测,是在区域尺度上进行物种多样性成图的重要实践,可有效补充森林生物多样性本底数据的调查手段,有助于实现生物多样性的长期动态监测及科学分析森林物种多样性的现状和变化趋势。     

A rock damage constitutive model and damage energy dissipation rate analysis for characterising the crack closure effect

Due to the insufficiency of the previous damage constitutive model for rock, an improved damage mechanics model for rock is proposed with characterising the crack closure effect. Otherwise, the effective methods of determining the model parameters and crack closure coefficient are proposed. The results represent that the model can reflect the damage evolution of rocks in the deformation process in the crack closure stage and this improved model is more reasonable than the previous model. Crack closure coefficient also has great effect on distribution parameters. The calculation formula of damage energy dissipation rate considered that crack closure effect is derived and the relationships between damage energy dissipation rate and crack closure coefficient are analysed. Crack closure coefficient has great effect on damage dissipation energy rate. Damage energy dissipation rate increases with the decrease of crack closure coefficient and damage energy dissipation rate increases quickly in the post-peak stage.     

用210Pb技术判断年轻石笋封闭性研究

通过测试采自桂林地区茅茅头大岩的两个相邻石笋DY-2和DY-3的现代滴水沉积物的²¹⁰Pb放射性活度发现: (1)处于同一洞穴相距约1.5 m, DY-2石笋初始210Pb放射性活度是DY-3石笋的3.0倍, 接取的现代滴水沉积物DY-2是DY-3的1.7倍, 210Pb放射性活度和现代滴水观测均证明DY-3石笋沉积速率大于DY-2石笋, 说明在相同地质背景和地理环境下, ²¹⁰Pb放射性活度可以作为沉积速率的一个判断工具; (2)两石笋²¹⁰Pb放射性活度剖面均呈现一定的波动性, 这与石笋沉积时存在晶间孔隙且与晶间孔隙的分布和大小、密集度有关, DY-3石笋²¹⁰Pb放射性活度剖面的紊乱与石笋晶间孔隙相互联通, 后来²¹⁰Pb与石笋纹层的²¹⁰Pb发生混合和交换有关; (3)处于非封闭系统的石笋氧同位素是否发生同位素的分馏还需进一步研究。     

Discrete choice modelling of fisheries with nuanced spatial information

Temporary marine area closures or more permanent Marine Protected Areas are being proposed as potential options in ecosystem-based marine spatial management. These policy options are known to displace fishing effort. In this paper, EU Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data is combined with other site and vessel information and used to model the fishing site choice decision of Irish demersal otter trawlers. Uniquely, the fishing ground options used in the analysis reflect the actual seabed contours trawled by the fleet. The fishing site choice model, based on this natural site definition is compared to an alternative destination choice model where the fleet decision is specified using a grid based site definition as employed in previous work. It is argued that the natural site specification is a more realistic specification of the fisher site choice decision. Using the preferred natural fishing site choice model, a policy scenario involving the hypothetical closure of one of the fishing ground options is then simulated to examine the possible redistribution of fishing effort.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界低压异常研究中应注意的几个问题

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂泥岩压实特征、压力成因的研究,结合上古生界不同岩性的组合关系分析,认为上古生界非烃源岩与烃源岩、砂岩和泥岩的地层压力成因有明显区别。非烃源岩系统泥岩的异常高压主要由“非均衡压实”作用产生;而生气作用是烃源岩增压的关键因素,同时也是上古生界天然气运移、成藏的主要动力源;砂岩与泥岩弹塑性有明显差别,构造抬升剥蚀成为砂岩降压的主要机理,而对泥岩影响有限,石千峰-上石盒子组非烃源岩目前仍具明显非均衡压实特征,多处于高压异常,而储层表现为低—正常压力,目前上古生界为一个高低压相间共存的复杂压力系统。上古生界压力的形成与演化历史表明,对于上古生界用流体势的高低来研究互不连通砂体之间的区域运移可能并不适宜。利用Berg临界烃类柱高度的公式计算,上古生界储层能引起天然气运移需要的最小连续气柱高度在22.07 m～67.36 m,远大于砂岩的单层厚度(5 m～15 m)。从天然气的生产能力、天然气聚集、成藏角度分析,山2段毛管中值压力平均值小于6.21MPa、砂岩厚度大于4 m以上的优质储层,才具有聚集、成藏和产出天然气能力,而排驱压力大、孔隙结构差、厚度小的砂岩,由于成藏动力小于成藏阻力,难于形成具规模的气层。     

三峡工程大江截流水文科技工作综述

长江三峡工程大江截流的水文泥沙实时信息与预报成果是大江截流优化设计、科学研究,安全度汛,施工组织和调度决策的重要依据。长江水利委员会水文局根据与中国长江三峡开发总公司鉴定的合同,在总结葛洲坝等工程截流经验的基础上,创造性地应用当今世界上可靠、先进的技术,创建了三峡大江截流水文泥沙监测系统和龙口水文预报模型,及时提供了各项水文信息预报成果,技术资料齐全,成果可靠,圆满地完成了合同所确定的各项任务,为     

三角高程测量在高速公路控制测量中的应用研究

根据山区地形特点,针对高速公路高程控制测量中应用的几种三角高程测量方法,对其原理、测量方法、公式、误差来源和适应性,进行了比较和分析,在此基础上提出了在山区高速公路控制测量中保证三角高程测量精度的措施的建议。     

二维均匀剪切湍流的湍涡闭合方案

通过仔细分析Thorpe与Woods等对湍流的典型实验,得到如下结论:(1)提出了湍流的太极模型;(2)指出了湍流串级的内容包括2个内容,一是湍流外圈层(大涡)在内旋到内部时产生新的圈层(小涡),二是在阴阳旋臂相切的锋面由于依然存在较大切变而产生新的次尺度湍涡;(3)指出湍流的耗散机制是通过湍涡,把具有切变的2流场的交界面通过旋转而无限拉长以增大2者的接触面积,加强了交界面之间的分子交换,从而实现了湍流层层混合的高效率;(4)基于湍涡结构,提出了湍涡闭合方案,给出了Reynolds应力的表达式,闭合了雷诺方程;(5)混合长反映了湍涡的大小,Karman常数则反映了湍涡内外半径比的关系;(6)指出Reynolds方程算子是湍流方程推导的关键,提出了湍流算子的概念;(7)推导出了新型的湍流运动方程;(8)提出了关系不变性原理。