不同地表情况下Cooray-Rubinstein算法的应用及其精度检验

将雷电水平电场Cooray-Rubinstein(C-R)算法推广应用于地表电导率垂直分层的情况,并利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对不同地表情况下C-R算法的精度进行检验。结果表明,C-R算法的适用条件为:距离回击通道为100~1 000 m、地表电导率介于0.001~0.01 S/m,最大误差小于10%。当土壤电导率均匀分布时,C-R算法的精度最好;对电导率水平分层的情况,当上层电导率小于下层电导率时,C-R算法的精度较优;当电导率垂直分层时,若观测点处的土壤电导率小于闪击点处的电导率时,C-R算法的计算精度较高,反之,精度较低;对任何光滑有耗地表而言,利用C-R算法计算的首次回击水平电场的精度优于继后回击。     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)三个选育群体完全双列杂交后代生长性状分析

利用中国(C)、日本(J)和韩国(K)3个长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)第四(F4)代选育群体,采用完全双列杂交方式构建建立了3个自交群体、3个正交群体和3个反交群体。结果表明,各交配组合在180日龄、360日龄和450日龄生长优势差异显著(P0.05);在不同生长阶段各组合的生长性能、一般配合力值、特殊配合力值和杂种优势效能值各不相同。杂交组合C♂K♀、J♂C♀和K♂J♀分别在180日龄、360日龄和450日龄表现出较大的生长优势,而自交组合K♂K♀在各个生长阶段均表现出生长劣势。中国F4代选育群体父母本一般配合力效应值均表现为非负值,而韩国F4代选育群体父母本一般配合力效应值均表现为非正值。杂交组合的特殊配合力效应值在不同生长阶段表现不一致,但与生长优势效能值基本相符。实验结果表明,多数杂交子代在生长性状上存在一定程度的杂种优势,可进行规模化商业推广应用;中国F4代选育群体作为杂交候选父母本时,具有高的可稳定遗传给子代的加性效应值。利用群体选育建立配套系,对不同选育群体进行杂交育种是培育长牡蛎优良新品系的有效方法。     

Salanced Cross Section for Restoration of Tectonic Evolution in the Southwest Okinawa Trough

On the basis of the multi.channel seismic data and the other data, using 2DMove software, the tectonic evolution in three seismic profiles was restored since Pliocene. The tectonic restoration results show that： （1） the initial active center lay in the west slope and then was transferred to east and south via trough center during the evolution process; （2） several main normal faults controlled the evolution of the southern Okinawa Trough; （3） since Late Pliocene, the southern Okinawa Trough has experienced two spreading stages. The early is depression in Early-Middle Pleistocene and the late is back-arc spreading in Late Pleistocene and Holocene, which is in primary oceanic crust spreading stage.     

地面站点观测数据代表性评价方法研究进展

在遥感产品真实性检验中,地面站点网络的连续观测数据是进行算法及产品验证的重要数据来源。通常站点观测的空间范围有限,测量数据直接与产品像元值比较会存在尺度误差。因此,分析与评价站点观测在多大尺度上具有代表性,对有效利用观测数据进行算法与产品精度评价具有重要意义。目前全球地面观测站点类型繁多,虽有一定的代表性评价方法,但各类方法的优缺点及适用参数、适用条件各异。因此,为使站点观测代表性评价方法广泛的应用于地面站点观测,进而开展更加有效的遥感产品真实性检验,有必要对当前站点代表性评价方法进行系统的综述及梳理。本文首先阐述遥感产品真实性检验对站点连续观测数据的需求以及站点观测代表性评价的必要性。其次,分析站点观测代表性的评价指标特征,包含点面特征比较以及空间异质性两种评价指标。基于不同评价指标,综述了各种研究方法在站点观测数据代表性评价中的应用,即对点面特征比较评价的物理模型法、站点与区域分布图统计评价法和多站点多时相联合评价法,以及对空间异质性进行评价的一阶统计法和半方差函数法,总结不同代表性评价方法的原理及优缺点。然后,介绍了目前站点数据及代表性评价方法在蒸散、反照率和地表温度等遥感产品真实性检验中的应用,并且以黑河中游农田区观测LAI为例,分析了基于不同评价指标的不同评价方法的特点。最后,针对当前观测代表性评价方法面临的问题提出了下一步的研究方向。     

煤层顶板砂岩富水性AVO预测技术

煤层顶板砂岩富水性预测是有待解决的重要问题。以实际测井曲线数据为输入,利用Gassmann方程和AVO（Amplitude Variation with Offset）技术探讨煤层顶板砂岩富水性的预测方法。首先,利用实际测井曲线计算顶板砂岩的纵波速度、孔隙度和泥质含量;其次,以Han经验公式为基础,曲面拟合纵波速度、孔隙度和泥质含量间的关系式,并导出砂岩骨架纵波速度;再次,利用Castagna经验公式计算砂岩骨架的横波速度,并建立14种顶板砂岩模型;最后,利用Gassmann方程进行流体替换,计算各模型的纵横波速度和密度,从而正演模拟顶板砂岩的AVO响应。结合理论分析和实例预测,发现截距-梯度交会图可以区分砂岩孔隙度和干湿性,是顶板砂岩富水性预测的一种有效手段。     

Validating a Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (the PTVA Model) Using Field Data from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

The “PTVAM” tsunami vulnerability assessment model [Papathoma and Dominey-Howes: 2003, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 3, 733–744; Papathoma et al.: 2003, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 3, 377–389], like all models, requires validation. We use the results from post-tsunami surveys in the Maldives following the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to ‘evaluate’ the appropriateness of the PTVAM attributes to understanding spatial and temporal vulnerability to tsunami damage and loss. We find that some of the PTVAM attributes are significantly important and others moderately important to understanding and assessing vulnerability. Some attributes require further investigation. Based upon the ground-truth data, we make several modifications to the model framework and propose a revised version of the PTVAM (PTVAM 2).     

1∶25万修测区数字地质填图前人剖面资料录入、验证的工作方法——以广西1∶25万玉林市幅为例

进行过大量 1∶5万区调填图、研究程度较高地区的 1∶25万区域地质调查,其核心任务是充分挖掘利用前人资料及二次开发,在广西 1∶25万玉林市幅PRB数字填图试点过程中,经过两年多来的摸索研究,初步总结出一套前人剖面资料录入、验证、批注、修测和成图过程的工作方法,已基本上达到了在 1∶25万区调修测区推广应用的“实战性”要求。     

淘汰一字形钎头

因一字形钎头破岩效率低和几何形状结构缺陷等问题,瑞典从７０年代中期就用锥体连接的十字和球齿钎头取代了一字形犴头。现在,我们建议用更具优势的复合片齿钎头逐步更新一字形钎头,新系列钎头寿命为一字,球齿钎头寿命的２－４倍,而价格仅比同直径一字,球齿钎头高１／５－１／３。     

瞬变电磁法(TEM)和激发极化法在金矿勘探中的应用

本文简述了脉冲瞬变电磁法(TEM)和激发极化法在贵州×××金矿勘探中的综合应用。介绍了TEM瞬变电磁法、激发极化法原理、工作仪器及工作中所采用参数及资料整理中所有分析解释软件,选择了黄泥堡金矿10线TEM剖面、激电剖面作为实例进行异常解释推断并结合电测深及钻孔资料对异常进行了验证。     

Geometric properties of river cross sections and associated hydrodynamic implications in Wuhan–Jiujiang river reach, the Yangtze River

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin.