Evaluation of the SEDD model for predicting sediment yield at the Sicilian experimental SPA2 basin

In this paper a spatially distributed model of the hillslope sediment delivery processes, named the sediment delivery distributed (SEDD) model, is initially reviewed; the model takes into account the sediment delivery processes due to both the hillslope sediment transport and the effects of slope curvature. Then the rainfall and sediment yield events measured at the experimental SPA2 basin, in Sicily, are used both to calibrate the SEDD model and to verify the predictive capability of the distributed sediment delivery approach at event scale. For the SPA2 basin discretized into morphological units and stream tubes, the SEDD model is calibrated at event scale using the measurements carried out at the outlet of the experimental basin in the period December 2000–January 2001. The model calibration is used to determine a relationship useful for estimating the unique coefficient β_e of the model by rainfall erosivity factor R_e at event scale. To test the predictive capability of the β_e = f(R_e) relationship, 20 events measured in the period September 2002–December 2005 are used; the comparison between measured sediment yield values and calculated ones for all monitored events shows that the sediment delivery distributed approach has a good predictive ability at event scale. The analysis also shows that estimating β_e by the relationship β_e = f(R_e) gives a better agreement between measured and calculated sediment yields than obtained with the median value β_e,m of all 27 calculated β_e values. Finally the analysis at annual scale, for the period 2000–2005, allows the estimation of the median value β_a,m representative of the annual behaviour. This analysis shows that the sediment delivery distributed approach also has a good predictive ability at annual scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effectiveness of simple approaches in mitigating residual deformations in buildings

Developments in performance‐based seismic design and assessment approaches have emphasized the importance of considering residual deformations. Recent investigations have also led to a proposed direct displacement‐based design (DDBD) approach which includes an explicit consideration of the expected residual deformations as an integral part of the design process. Having estimated the expected residual deformations in a structure, engineers are faced with the problem of reducing them to meet the targeted performance levels under pre‐defined seismic hazard levels. Previous studies have identified the post‐yield stiffness as a primary factor influencing the magnitude of residual deformations in single degree of freedom and multiple degree of freedom structures. In this paper, a series of simple approaches to increase the post‐yield stiffness of traditional framed and braced systems for the purpose of reducing residual deformations are investigated. These methods do not utilize recentring post‐tensioned technology. This contribution addresses the feasibility of altering the lateral post‐yield stiffness of structural systems by: (i) using different reinforcement materials with beneficial features in their stress–strain behaviour; (ii) re‐designing the section geometry and properties of primary seismic‐resisting elements; and (iii) introducing a secondary elastic frame to act in parallel with the primary system. The efficiency of each of these techniques is investigated through monotonic and cyclic moment‐curvature and non‐linear time‐history analyses. Of these approaches the design and introduction of an elastic secondary system was found to be most effective and consistent in reducing residual deformations. A simplified design approach for achieving the desired increase of a system's post‐yield stiffness is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用GVG线采样技术提取农作物种植面积及其精度分析

GVG(GIS&Video&GPS)线采样系统提出以线状样区代替以往成数抽样中的点样区与面积样区概念,通过统计线状样区内作物种植面积成数来反映区域总体农作物种植面积成数。通过 GVG实地采样,将其结果与解译遥感影像提取的作物种植面积成数结果进行了对比分析,结果显示采用GVG线采样方式精确度较高,其采样系统具有实用性和推广价值。     

影响我国主要粮食作物产量的气象因子研究

通过收集前人主要粮食作物气象产量预报的研究成果，将所得到的资料按作物进行分类，并进行归一化处理，使用系统聚类分析方法，以预报方程中的影响因子为指标，分区找出各区主要粮食作物产量的主、次要影响因子和影响时期，为大范围作物产量预报提供了科学依据。     

淄博市大武水源地地下水水位总体预测

本文采用水均衡法对淄博市大武水源地地下水位变动进行研究，并对降水量与人渗补给量的关系以及平均给水度随地下水位的变化关系进行了分析。通过历史资料的验证，表明本文所建立的水均衡模型对于地下水位变动的预测是可靠的，而且简单可行，随后根据不同的地下水开采量等对未来地下水位的变动趋势进行了预测。     

摩擦与粘性流体耗能器串联体系动力分析

采用粘性屈服模型来模拟摩擦耗能器的力－速度关系，建立了摩擦与粘性流体耗能器串联耗能体系的动力分析方法．为考虑框架杆件和支撑材料的几何非线性，采用增量型Ｒｏｓｅｎｂｒｏｃｋ二级三阶半隐式Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ法求解动力方程．比较了仅有摩擦耗能器体系与串联组合耗能体系的减振效果，分析了粘性流体耗能器参数对组合耗能体系减振效果的影响。     

摩擦耗能框架体系动力分析

采用粘性屈服模型来模拟摩擦耗能器的力－速度关系。建立了带有摩擦耗能器体系的动力分析8方法，采用增量型Rosenbrock二阶三阶半隐式Runge-Kutta法求解动力方程，得到了带有摩擦耗能器单层框架在正弦波激励下反应的解析解，并据此验证粘性屈服模型及求解动力方程算法的正确性，分析了摩擦耗能器的起滑力和支撑刚度对耗能减振效果的影响。     

Material component to non-linear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development: an flume experimental study

This paper examines the experimental study on influence of material component to nonlinear relation between sediment yield and drainage network development completed in the Lab. The area of flume drainage system is 81.2 m2, the longitudinal gradient and cross section slope are from 0.0348 to 0.0775 and from 0.0115 to 0.038, respectively. Different model materials with a medium diameter of 0.021 mm, 0.076 mm and 0.066 mm cover three experiments each. An artificial rainfall equipment is a sprinkler-system composed of 7 downward nozzles, distributed by hexagon type and a given rainfall intensity is 35.56 mm/hr.cm2. Three experiments are designed by process-response principle at the beginning the Ψ shaped small network is dug in the flume. Running time spans are 720 m, 1440 minutes and 540 minutes for Runs I, IV and VI, respectively. Three experiments show that the sediment yield processes are characterized by delaying with a vibration. During network development the energy of a drainage system is dissipated by two ways, of which one is increasing the number of channels (rill and gully), and the other one is enlarging the channel length. The fractal dimension of a drainage network is exactly an index of energy dissipation of a drainage morphological system. Change of this index with time is an unsymmetrical concave curve. Comparison of three experiments explains that the vibration and the delaying ratio of sediment yield processes increase with material coarsening, while the number of channel decreases. The length of channel enlarges with material fining. There exists non-linear relationship between fractal dimension and sediment yield with an unsymmetrical hyperbolic curve. The absolute value of delaying ratio of the curve     

新疆棉花的比较优势:基于粮棉单产比的分析

1992～ 1998年新疆、山东、安徽及全国的粮棉单产比分别为 3.75、7.2 4、6 .35、和 5 .0 7,新疆比山东和安徽分别低 3.5和 2 .6。回归分析表明 ,粮棉单产比每下降 1,来年棉产上升 7.8%。综合考虑农民人均收入、棉花运输成本及WTO等因素 ,在皮棉产量达到 175× 10 4 t之前 ,新疆棉花的比较优势不大可能出现大的逆转