An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays based on logarithmic contractancy

A new constitutive model for soft structured clays is developed based on an existing model called S‐CLAY1S, which is a Cam clay type model that accounts for anisotropy and destructuration. The new model (E‐SCLAY1S) uses the framework of logarithmic contractancy to introduce a new parameter that controls the shape of the yield surface as well as the plastic potential (as an assumed associated flow rule is applied). This new parameter can be used to fit the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, the undrained shear strength or the stiffness under shearing stress paths predicted by the model. The improvement to previous constitutive models that account for soil fabric and bonding is formulated within the contractancy framework such that the model predicts the uniqueness of the critical state line and its slope is independent of the contractancy parameter. Good agreement has been found between the model predictions and published laboratory results for triaxial compression tests. An important finding is that the contractancy parameter, and consequently the shape of the yield surface, seems to change with the degree of anisotropy; however, further study is required to investigate this response. From published data, the yield surface for isotropically consolidated clays seems ‘bullet’ or ‘almond’ shaped, similar to that of the Cam clay model; while for anisotropically consolidated clays, the yield surface is more elliptical, like a rotated and distorted modified Cam clay yield surface. © 2015 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

现代黄河三角洲沉积物临界剪切应力研究

为研究现代黄河三角洲沉积物临界剪切应力空间分布特征及其影响要素,本文在现代黄河三角洲不同沉积区域,垂直海岸线布设测线,采用黏结力仪进行沉积物临界剪切应力测试,并在相应测点开展沉积物物理力学性质与粒度成分测量工作。研究结果表明高潮滩沉积物临界剪切应力最高,在1.1~4.02Pa之间,沉积物不易发生侵蚀,含水量低、干容重大、黏粒与粉粒含量高、平均粒径小、不排水剪切强度大是高潮滩沉积物临界剪切应力偏高的重要因素;中潮滩沉积物受生物活动影响显著,临界剪切应力在0.10~1.90Pa之间,生物活动扰动、生物排泄及遗体遗迹的程度与数量是造成不同区域测试差异的重要原因;低潮滩沉积物临界剪切应力很低,在0.08~0.80Pa之间,沉积物极易发生侵蚀,含水量高、干容重偏低、砂砾含量高、平均粒径大、不排水剪切强度小是其典型的沉积物物理力学性质,也是造成低潮滩沉积物临界剪切应力普遍低于高潮滩的重要原因;现代黄河三角洲沉积物临界剪切应力区域特征表现为北部沉积物临界剪切应力水平最低,在0.11~0.4Pa之间,东部最高,在2.8~4.55Pa之间,南部与东北部居中,分别在0.63~0.84Pa与0.83~2.99Pa之间,东北部空间非均匀性分布显著,粒度组分的分异是导致沉积物临界剪切应力区域差异显著的重要因素,黏粒含量高的沉积区域沉积物临界剪切应力普遍高于砂砾含量高的沉积区;与世界其他大型河口三角洲相比,现代黄河三角洲沉积物临界剪切应力水平偏低但非均匀程度较高。     

基于FloodArea的三峡库区小流域山洪面雨量分析

以三峡库区普里河下游流域作为山洪灾害淹没模拟的研究区域,通过泰森多边形方法和算术平均方法分别计算流域面雨量,采用FloodArea模型对两种方法下的同一降水过程进行模拟,结合实地考察流域内淹没时间和淹没水深资料对比分析两者的模拟结果。结论表明:泰森多边形方法下的山洪灾害淹没模拟能较好地反映普里河下游流域内的因降水导致的山洪推进路线、淹没范围及淹没水深,且该方法下推算的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量更具有实际应用价值。该方法可用于推算流域内的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量。     

地震作用下黄土边坡动态滑动位移研究

提出在地震作用下黄土边坡滑动的新模型,该模型由一个四边形块体和一个扇形块体构成。根据牛顿第二定律,分析该边坡在地震作用下两滑动块体的受力状态,推导任一时刻滑动块体的加速度。从而给出该边坡模型的临界地震加速度系数表达式并计算不同参数下,临界地震加速度系数的值。对已推导边坡块体加速度积分,解得任一时刻滑动块体的位移表达式,计算此时滑动块体的位移特解,并根据给定的三种实例,计算不同参数下滑动块体的位移。结果表明：块体交界面的倾角对临界地震加速度系数和块体滑动位移有显著的影响,当块体交界面倾角为正时,滑体越大,则临界地震加速度系数越小;当块体交界面的倾角为负时,滑体越小,则临界地震加速度系数越小;当块体交界面的倾角相等、持时相同时,滑块越大,位移越小。研究结果可为相关边坡的抗震设计及地震滑坡位移计算提供新的参考。     

Distribution of Selected Critical Elements in the Carboniferous Coal-bearing Series of the Upper Silesian and Lublin Coal Basins (Poland)

The distribution of selected critical elements in the sedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous coal-bearing series within the Polish Coal Basins is presented.Critical elements such as Be,Mg,Si,P,Sc,V,Co,Y,Nb,In,Sb,La,Ce,Hf,Ta,W,Bi were analysed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP/MS).Concentrations of elements such as Sb,Bi,In and,to a slightly lesser extent,Nb,as well as Sc,show average concentrations higher than those from the upper continental crust.The average concentrations of elements like Hf,Mg,P,Y,La,and Ce are slightly lower than in the upper continental crust.Other elements,such as Be,Co,Si,Ta,W and V have average concentrations that are similar,but slightly enriched or slightly depleted,relative to the upper continental crust.The research showed enrichment of some critical elements in the analysed samples,but not high enough that extraction would be economically viable.Statistical methods,which include correlation coefficients between elements and cluster analysis,reveal a strong positive correlation between elements like Be,Bi,Nb,Sc,Ta,W and V.Very high,almost total,positive correlation is also noted between La and Ce.     

透射电子显微镜在关键矿产成因机制研究中的应用进展

关键矿产的元素赋存形式对矿产超常富集机制和资源综合利用有着至关重要的作用。然而,关键矿产的元素赋存形式大多以细小矿物、吸附或类质同象的方式存在,不易于直接观察分析,在一定程度上增加了对其进一步认识和综合利用的难度,而透射电子显微镜(Transmission Electron Microscopy,TEM)可以在微纳米尺度上从结构和成分方面提供有效的解决途径。文章扼要地介绍了TEM的基本原理、工作模式、样品制备的方法及工作流程,并根据国内关键矿产的类型与元素赋存形式综述了TEM在关键性稀有金属、稀土金属、稀散金属、稀贵金属、能源金属以及黑色和有色金属等6类矿产中成因机制研究的应用进展情况,指出了限制TEM广泛应用的瓶颈问题,并提出了几点浅显的意见和建议。     

中国战略性关键矿产目录厘定

关键矿产目录是各国制定国家资源安全战略和全球资源竞争策略的基础。我国是全球最大资源消费国、生产国和贸易国,满足新时期自然资源综合管理、确保我国能源资源安全,亟待建立一份符合中国国情和新时期国际形势的中国战略性关键矿产目录。本文根据我国所处发展阶段以及矿产资源的储量、生产、消费和贸易特征,提出了“战略性关键矿产”的概念,将其定义为对国家经济和国防安全至关重要、同时或者存在较大供应风险、或者对全球具有较强控制力、或对战略新兴产业发展不可或缺的矿产资源,并据此构建了定量为主结合定性分析的评价筛选模型,筛选出了包括21种短缺矿产和10种优势矿产在内的31种战略性关键矿产,建立了我国的战略性关键矿产目录。     

铟资源供给与消费格局分析

铟资源广泛应用于ITO靶材、半导体化合物、焊料及合金等材料的生产制造,是21世纪重要的战略金属。文章基于铟资源全产业链视角,通过分析2000年以来全球铟资源供给与消费格局,并展望未来供需趋势,得出的结论主要有:(1)全球再生铟供给已超过原生铟供给;原生铟供给高度集中在中国、韩国、日本、加拿大四国;再生铟供给集中于日本、韩国。(2)全球铟资源消费量大幅增长,二十年来,翻了两番;日本与韩国是全球铟资源的消费主体;ITO靶材是主要消费领域。(3)2007年以来,全球铟资源总供给量大于总消费量600 t,预判这部分差量进入了国家储备。(4)未来中国增加铟资源供给的途经可以借鉴日本与韩国的经验,从社会存量中再利用铟资源,提高铟全产业链利用效率。     

颗粒形状对粒状材料破碎演化规律及强度准则影响

为探讨颗粒形状对粒状材料的颗粒破碎演化规律及强度特征的影响,提出了一个新的粒状材料颗粒形状量化参数,设计了一种考虑三维颗粒形状的人工试样制备方法,随即进行了常规三轴压缩试验,并分析了颗粒破碎和强度特征,最终建立了一个二元介质强度准则,具体的研究成果为：建立颗粒形状量化参数——球形模量GM,在此基础上制备了5种不同形状的可破碎粒状材料三轴试样,并发现球形模量影响着粒状材料的三轴压缩强度特征;通过筛分确定试样的颗粒破碎情况,对试样的颗粒破碎演化规律和临界状态进行探讨,发现颗粒形状通过影响颗粒破碎规律而控制着宏观强度的非线性演化特征;以二元介质理论为基础,建立了考虑颗粒形状的可破碎粒状材料强度准则,并通过试验对其适用性进行了验证。     

Dominant grains network and behavior of sand–silt mixtures: stress–strain modeling

Stress–strain modeling of sand–silt mixtures is important in the analysis and design of earth structures. In this paper, we develop a stress–strain model that can predict the behavior of sand–silt mixtures with any amount of fines content. This model is based on a micromechanics approach, which involves mean‐field assumptions. For the mixtures with low amount of fines, the mechanical behavior is dominated by sand grains network. On the other hand, for the mixtures with high amount of fines, the mechanical behavior is dominated by silt grains network. Using this concept of dominant grains network, the behavior of mixtures with any amount of fines can be predicted from knowing the behavior of sand and silt, alone. We also modeled the critical state friction angle, critical state void ratio, and elastic stiffness for the mixtures as a function of fines content. The applicability of this developed stress–strain model is shown by comparing the simulated and measured results for two different types of sand–silt mixtures with full range of fines content. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.