Corporate-cooperative management of fisheries: A potential alternative governance structure for low value small fisheries?

While the economic and environmental benefits of fisheries management are well accepted, the costs of effective management in low value fisheries, including the research necessary to underpin such management, may be considerable relative to the total economic benefits they may generate. Co-management is often seen as a panacea in low value fisheries. Increasing fisher participation increases legitimacy of management decision in the absence of detailed scientific input. However, where only a small number of operators exist, the potential benefits of co-management are negated by the high transaction cost to the individual fishers engaging in the management process. From an economic perspective, sole ownership has been identified as the management structure which can best achieve biological and economic sustainability. Moving low value fisheries with a small number of participants to a corporate-cooperative management model may come close to achieving these sole ownership benefits, with lower transaction costs. In this paper we look at the applicability of different management models with industry involvement to low value fisheries with a small number of participants. We provide an illustration as to how a fishery could be transitioned to a corporate-cooperative management model that captures the key benefits of sole management at a low cost and is consistent with societal objectives.     

Economic evaluation of vessel traffic service (VTS): A contingent valuation study

Maritime safety has become a major concern in Korea. As an alternative to improve maritime safety, the Korean government is considering enhancing infrastructure associated with maritime safety, in the form of a vessel traffic service (VTS) facility for high density waterways. This study estimates the public value of a VTS facility construction project using the contingent valuation (CV) method. A CV survey using person-to-person interviews was administered to 400 randomly selected households to elicit their willingness to pay (WTP) for the project. Overall, the respondents accepted the contingent market, and on average, Korean households were willing to pay a significant amount toward the project. The mean WTP for the project is estimated to be approximately KRW 4149.5 (USD 3.7) per year per household, which is statistically significant. The estimate of the fiduciary benefit to Korean households is approximately KRW 11.07 billion (USD 9.91 million) per year for five years. The results are expected to be useful for policy-makers in determining the economic feasibility of a VTS.     

山东省滨海湿地生态价值评估

本文依据Google Earth近2年的遥感影像以及2013年的资源3号卫星影像数据,并结合他人前期研究资料,对山东省滨海湿地的分布和类型进行了研究,使用ArcGIS软件测算出滨海湿地总面积约为5 124km2,其中自然湿地占35.23%,人工湿地占64.77%。根据山东省湿地实际状况,以及湿地的地理位置、成因、水文、生物等要素的差异,将山东省滨海湿地划分为十种类型,并在此基础上,针对滨海湿地不同的生态服务功能类型,采取了不同的方法进行初步价值评估。结果表明,山东省滨海湿地生态服务总价值约3 303亿元,约占山东省2013年GDP的6.04%。其中物质生产价值约占总价值的50.70%,其次为环境调节价值,约占48.24%,社会服务价值只占1.06%。这表明,山东省滨海湿地蕴含较高的经济和生态潜力,能带来较高的经济效益和生态效益,但是社会服务功能价值量相对偏低,有待于进一步重视和开发。     

海底管线水平向整体屈曲及失效判断方法研究

海底管线是海洋石油的重要输运手段。为满足输送工艺的需要,正常工作条件下管线往往被施加较高的温度和压强,高温高压使管线内产生附加应力,当附加应力大于土体对管线的约束力时,管线就会发生整体屈曲。过度的水平向整体屈曲会导致截面产生较大的弯曲应力和压缩应变,对管线系统的安全运行造成威胁,因此需要对发生水平向整体屈曲后的管线进行验算。采用解析解法、规范法和有限元法对管线的整体屈曲进行分析,提出了应用临界屈曲荷载值域空间和值域下限来判断不同缺陷大小下管线是否发生水平向整体屈曲的方法。结合工程实例,分别采用内力控制标准和位移控制标准对管线水平向整体屈曲后是否失效进行了验算。研究指出,相较于位移标准,内力控制标准更为严格。     

病态总体最小二乘问题的谱修正迭代法

针对病态问题岭估计法及正则化方法存在破坏方程的等量关系、解是有偏估计的问题,在最小二乘谱修正迭代法的基础上,提出病态总体最小二乘问题的谱修正迭代法,并推导了总体最小二乘谱修正迭代法及其改进算法的具体公式。通过算例验证和阐明了TLS谱修正迭代法在病态问题中的有效性和易受迭代初值影响的缺点。     

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An experimental study on major element release from the sediments in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary

With the enhanced warming and acidification of global ocean, whether and to what extent the naturally-weathered fluvial sediment into the sea can release elements and thus influence the geochemical pro...     

洛阳地区太阳能资源分析与评估

根据1981—2010年郑州辐射站太阳辐射和日照资料、洛阳地区9个气象观测站日照资料,采用气候学计算、线性趋势分析等方法和资源丰富程度、利用价值、稳定程度等指标,对洛阳地区太阳能资源进行了计算、分析和评估。结果表明:洛阳地区多年平均总辐射为4842.4MJ·m-2·a-1,总体呈显著减少趋势,减少速率为每年1.4MJ·m-2。夏季辐射丰富,冬季偏少,夏季总辐射量是冬季的2倍;月平均总辐射5月最多(569.7MJ·m-2),12月最少(241.9MJ·m-2);年总辐射孟津最高,为4922.8MJ·m-2·a-1,宜阳最少,为4681.1MJ·m-2·a-1。多年平均日照时数为2064.7h,总体呈显著减少趋势。春季日照时数多,冬季少,春季日照时数比冬季多33.37%;月平均日照时数5月最多(217.3h),2月最少(138.2h);年日照时数孟津最多(2144.9h),宜阳最少(1909.2h)。洛阳各地属太阳能资源丰富区,利用价值较高,各月日照时数6h的天数为9.8~18.1天,全年为162.7~185.3天;太阳能资源也比较稳定,月最大日照时数12月6h的天数为16.9天,是月最小日照时数7月的1.48倍,12月至次年1月不利于太阳能利用。     

基于HBV模型的淮河流域洪水致灾临界雨量研究

根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,文章提出了考虑前期基础水位的动态致灾临界雨量指标,并以淮河上游地区为例,基于HBV水文模型建立了降水-流量-水位关系,并根据这种关系确立了临界雨量确定的方法流程.首先基于历史水文数据率定和验证模型,得到适用于研究区的最优化模型参数,然后构建洪水上涨期水位流量关系,最后以是否达到致灾水位为标准,通过模型试算并结合水位流量关系曲线反推出致灾临界雨量值.在淮河上游地区的研究中,利用2002-2009年逐日气象水文数据对HBV模型进行了参数率定和检验,并针对洪水过程进行了参数优化,经过率定后HBV模型对王家坝以上流域具备较好的适用性,对典型洪水过程模拟的确定性系数和NASH效率系数均在0.8以上;根据王家坝站实测流量水位数据,构建了概化的单一关系曲线;结合HBV模型和水位流量关系得到了王家坝以上流域的动态致灾临界雨量指标,临界雨量值随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了明显的非线性响应特征.     

高速公路交通事故与气象条件的关系研究

恶劣天气是高速公路交通事故发生的重要诱因。为了解气象条件对高速公路交通事故的影响程度,基于2006—2008年汉宜高速公路交通事故数据,统计分析了该路段交通事故的月际和日变化特征,利用事故率和日交通事故指数区分定义了交通事故频次和灾害严重程度,采用多项式曲线拟合了气象条件与事故指数的关系,确定了事故突发增长的临界气象指标。结果表明:汛期5—9月是汉宜高速公路交通事故高发时期,冬季其次,春季3—4月及秋季10—11月事故发生较少。高速公路交通事故存在明显日变化特征,03—04时和14—17时为事故高发时段。汉宜高速公路交通事故频率主要受中到大雨和夏季高温天气的影响,事故灾害严重程度主要受强降水和冬季低温天气的影响。大风强降水天气条件下的事故率要高于一般强降水条件下的事故率,夏季潮湿、闷热天气条件下的事故率要高于一般高温天气条件下的事故率。当高速公路沿线平均日雨量达到中到大雨时,事故率达到高峰;当沿线平均雨量超过20 mm时,事故灾害突发严重。当公路沿线平均高温超过33℃时,事故率突发增长;0~3℃的低温对事故灾害程度影响较大。