地下水在引发边坡病害中的作用

人们普遍认为由于地下水的浸泡降低滑带土的抗剪强度值是导致边坡失稳的内部机制.文章以云南元磨公路边坡为实例,对其进行了探究,发现病害边坡主要滑带土的天然含水量与其剪切试验所得的内聚力和内摩擦角之间并没有明显的线性关系.于是,文章采用极限平衡方程从理论上论述了地下水在边坡失稳过程中的力学作用,并对比边坡开挖前后入渗系数值的变化幅度,揭示出工程活动与降雨共同对边坡破坏的作用机制.     

Al hematites prepared by homogeneous precipitation of oxinates: material characterization and determination of the Morin transition

A novel method for synthesis of aluminium hematites, based upon the homogeneous precipitation of Fe and Al oxinates in various proportions, is presented. The precursor precipitates are heated in air at 700?°C. X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses, BET, FTIR, optical reflection analysis, TEM and Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and 80?K of the resulting products indicate that single-phase hematites are formed with structural Al substitution of up to 10 at%. Interestingly, the particle size (>100?nm) is not substantially reduced by the Al content. Although it remains difficult to obtain a homogeneously distributed Al substitution in the final hematite, this processing line offers a unique opportunity to separate the effects of grain size and Al substitution on the Morin transition temperature (T _M) of Al hematite. From the comparison between the present hematites and a series of Al-substituted hematites with lepidocrocite as precursor, it could be shown that the effect on T _M, associated with a change of a factor 10 in grain size, is about 1/3 of the effect caused by a change of 10 in the degree of substitution. Finally, it is suggested that proper thermal treatments under different conditions of the same precursors are likely to produce spinel phases.     

Elevation‐dependent responses of streamflow to climate warming

Warming will affect snowline elevation, potentially altering the timing and magnitude of streamflow from mountain landscapes. Presently, the assessment of potential elevation‐dependent responses is difficult because many gauged watersheds integrate drainage areas that are both snow and rain dominated. To predict the impact of snowline rise on streamflow, we mapped the current snowline (1980 m) for the Salmon River watershed (Idaho, USA) and projected its elevation after 3 °C warming (2440 m). This increase results in a 40% reduction in snow‐covered area during winter months. We expand this analysis by collecting streamflow records from a new, elevation‐stratified gauging network of watersheds contained within high (2250–3800 m), mid (1500–2250 m) and low (300–1500 m) elevations that isolate snow, mixed and rain‐dominated precipitation regimes. Results indicate that lags between percentiles of precipitation and streamflow are much shorter in low elevations than in mid‐ and high‐elevation watersheds. Low elevation annual percentiles (Q₂₅ and Q₇₅) of streamflow occur 30–50 days earlier than in higher elevation watersheds. Extreme events in low elevations are dominated by low‐ and no‐flow events whereas mid‐ and high‐elevation extreme events are primarily large magnitude floods. Only mid‐ and high‐elevation watersheds are strongly cross correlated with catchment‐wide flow of the Salmon River, suggesting that changes in contributions from low‐elevation catchments may be poorly represented using mainstem gauges. As snowline rises, mid‐elevation watersheds will likely exhibit behaviours currently observed only at lower elevations. Streamflow monitoring networks designed for operational decision making or change detection may require modification to capture elevation‐dependent responses of streamflow to warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河流相沉积的河型转换特征与控制因素及其油气地质意义 ——以南苏丹Melut盆地Ruman地区坳陷期Jimidi组为例

河流相砂体是陆相含油气盆地的重要储层类型,其河型的时空转换不仅是研究盆地演化的直接证据,更是精准评价与预测油气储层的核心内容,已成为近年来国内外沉积研究的热点之一.以Melut盆地Ruman地区坳陷期Jimidi组为例,通过开展层序划分、岩相类型与岩相组合分析、高分辨率储层反演、以及砂体平面展布分析,结果表明:1)坳陷...     

爆破荷载作用下露天矿边坡稳定性的突变研究

基于二维斜坡平面滑动失稳力学模型,引入爆破荷载因素,建立了露天爆破荷载作用下岩质边坡失稳的尖点突变理论模型。根据建立的突变模型,探讨了爆破荷载幅值和爆破荷载频率对边坡稳定性的影响规律,导出了边坡的动态自稳临界高度,并提出了失稳的判据条件,结果表明：爆破荷载幅值越大,爆破荷载频率越小,后缘裂缝深度越大,边坡失稳的可能性越高;在爆破荷载作用下,边坡的稳定程度是动态变化的,且随着应力波入射角的增大,边坡失稳破坏的可能性不断提高。以大孤山露天矿内的两处边坡为例,计算了边坡的动安全系数及动态自稳临界高度,利用边坡当前实际的稳定情况验证了提出的边坡失稳判据的合理性,为预防露天矿爆破在开挖过程中边坡岩体的动力失稳提供了一定的理论支持。     

南海东北部洋陆过渡区域地震折射波衰减特征

地震波衰减研究是了解岩石圈构造特征的有效方法.本文基于OBS2016-2测线的海底地震仪(OBS)数据, 首次对南海东北部洋陆过渡区域地震波衰减特征进行研究, 通过正演模拟获得该区域二维纵波衰减(Q_P)结构.结果表明, 下陆坡的上地壳存在一个宽约40 km, 厚度约为4~5 km的高衰减区, 其特征为低纵波和横波速度(V_P为5.5~6.3 km·s^-1和V_S为3.1~3.6 km·s^-1)以及较低的波速比(V_P/V_S为1.72~1.80), 对应较低的Q_P(280~410), 推测与断裂发育有关, 且受到火山活动的影响.洋陆过渡及洋壳区域的上地壳高衰减区具有低Q_P(300~400)和高V_P/V_S(1.90~1.96)特征, 可能对应较多的断裂发育及流体运移.洋陆过渡区域下地壳高速异常体表现为相对低的Q_P(550~600), 对应较高的V_P(7.0~7.8 km·s^-1)和V_S(3.5~3.8 km·s^-1)以及较高的V_P/V_S(1.85~1.96), 推测与蛇纹石化作用有关.蛇纹石化可能进一步增加岩石的孔隙度并导致更多的流体运移, 使得洋陆过渡及洋壳区域存在较高的地震波衰减.Q_P结构有助于我们分析南海大陆边缘的地震波衰减特征, 结合V_P、V_S以及V_P/V_S, 可以更好地了解该区域地质结构和岩石属性, 对进一步挖掘OBS数据信息有重要参考价值.

     

Critical Top Tension for Static Equilibrium Configuration of A Steel Catenary Riser

This paper aims to present the critical top tension for static equilibrium configurations of a steel catenary riser（SCR） by using the finite element method. The critical top tension is the minimum top tension that can maintain the equilibrium of the SCR. If the top tension is smaller than the critical value, the equilibrium of the SCR does not exist. If the top tension is larger than the critical value, there are two possible equilibrium configurations. These two configurations exhibit the nonlinear large displacement. The configuration with the smaller displacement is stable, while the one with larger displacement is unstable. The numerical results show that the increases in the riser＇s vertical distances, horizontal offsets, riser＇s weights, internal flow velocities, and current velocities increase the critical top tensions of the SCR. In addition, the parametric studies are also performed in order to investigate the limit states for the analysis and design of the SCR.     

我国主要育珠贝(蚌)贝壳珍珠层的扫描电子显微镜研究

采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对我国海水马氏珍珠贝Pinctada martensi(Dunker），大珠母贝Pinctada maxima(Jameson）、企鹅珍珠贝Pteria penguin(Roeding）和淡水三角帆蚌Hy-riopsis cumingii（Lea）贝壳珍珠层内层面的形貌特征进行了研究，结果表明，4种贝壳珍珠层均呈砖墙式结构，珍珠层中文五笔型小板片呈不规则多边形至六边形，直径为1.3-4.5μm，厚度0.35-0.85μm，同一种类贝壳中文石小板片的形状及粒径均匀一致，反映了生物矿物化的特殊性。珍珠层沿壳内层面与棱柱层过滤带中均存在初始生长的文石小晶体结构排列较混乱的现象，与成熟珍珠层中文石小板片的定向排列结构明显不同。     

Influence of water logging time on the growth of candel seedlings

Influence ofwaterlogging time on the growth ofKandeliacandel(L.) Druce seedlings grown for 70 d in the artificial-tidal tanks' simulated semidiumal tide under greenhouse is studied. Sand and soil act as the substrate and artificial sea-water with salinity of 15 is used in cultivation. Shorter waterlogging time (inundated for about 2 ～ 4 h) promotes thegrowth of K. candel seedlings, while longer time(inundated more than 8 h) or no waterlogging(0 h) inhibits theirgrowth. The number and length of aerating roots increase with the increase ofwaterlogging time. Under existing condi-tions, the optimalwaterlogging time for the growth of K. canoel seedlings is about 2 ～ 4 h in every tide cycle. Com-pared with other treatments, the 2 h sanded treatments obtain the highest biomass of seedlings, have the lowest massloss ofhypocotyl and broaden the photosynthetic area by increasing the area per leaf after 70-d cultivation. And the soiltreatments have the similar tendeney. However, waterlogging for 8 h in every tide cycle is critieal for normal develop-ment of seedlings. K. candel seedlings are highly tolerant to waterlogging and a proper waterlogging is beneficial to thegrowth ofK. candel seedlings.     

Coherent control of non-resonant two-photon transition in molecular system

In this paper, we study theoretically and experimentally the coherent control of non-resonant two-photon transition in a molecular system (Perylene dissolved in chloroform solution) by shaping the femtosecond pulses with simple phase patterns (cosinusoidal and π phase step-function shape). The control efficiency of the two-photon transition probability is correlated with both the laser field and the molecular absorption bandwidth. Our results demonstrate that, the two-photon transition probability in a molecular system can be reduced but not completely eliminated by manipulating the laser field, and the control efficiency is minimal when the molecular absorption bandwidth is larger than twice the laser spectral bandwidth.