Transport rate of calcareous sand in unidirectional flow

This paper examines the transport of calcareous sand in unidirectional flow and its prediction through existing sediment transport models. A flume experiment of four sand samples collected on Oahu, Hawaii, provides 29 sets of sediment transport data in the bed-form and suspended transport stages. The measured transport data are compared with direct predictions from four energy-based transport models developed for siliceous particles. Corrections for the grain-size, fall velocity, and critical velocity of calcareous sand based on recent research are applied to the models and the results are compared with the direct calculations and measured data. The comparison illustrates the important role particle shape plays in the transport of calcareous sand. All four sediment transport models give consistent predictions and good agreement with the majority of the measured data. Two of the models respond positively to the corrections in both the bed-form and suspended transport stages indicating that such an approach may provide an interim solution for the transport of calcareous sand.     

全型垂直涡度倾向方程和倾斜涡度发展

文中证明了不仅包括动力因子,而且包括热力因子、摩擦耗散及非绝热加热作用的和可用于三维空间的全型垂直涡度倾向方程。证明经典的、平面上的涡度方程只是它的特例。并且用该全型涡度方程严格证明了倾斜涡度发展（ＳＶＤ）理论。沿着倾斜等熵面下滑的气块,当热力参数ＣＤ减小时,其垂直涡度将发展。最后通过用θ坐标模式模拟一次西南低涡的形成,证明ＳＶＤ引起的涡度发展要比传统所考虑的辐合项的贡献大一个量级。     

等效水力隙宽和水力梯度对岩体裂隙网络非线性渗流特性的影响

等效水力隙宽和水力梯度是影响岩体裂隙网络渗流特性的重要因素。制作裂隙网络试验模型,建立高精度渗流试验系统;求解纳维-斯托克斯方程,模拟流体在裂隙网络内的流动状态,研究等效水力隙宽和水力梯度对非线性渗流特性的影响。结果表明,当水力梯度较小时,等效渗透系数保持恒定的常数,流体流动属于达西流动区域,流量与压力具有线性关系,可采用立方定律计算流体流动;当水力梯度较大时,等效渗透系数随着水力梯度的增加而急剧减少,流体流动进入强惯性效应流动区域,流量与压力具有强烈的非线性关系,可采用Forchheimer方程计算流体流动。随着等效水力隙宽的增加,区别线性和非线性流动区域的临界水力梯度呈幂函数关系递减。当水力梯度小于临界水力梯度时,控制方程可选立方定律;当水力梯度大于临界水力梯度时,控制方程可选Forchheimer方程,其参数A和B可根据经验公式计算得到。其研究结果可为临界水力梯度的确定及流体流动控制方程的选取提供借鉴意义。     

黄淮海平原晚新生代重大地质事件

晚新生代以来,青藏高原的隆升导致中国地貌格局、古气候系统及晚新生代沉积体系发生巨变。青藏高原以东至边缘海的广大区域形成统一水系,将巨量沉积物搬运至中国东部连续堆积形成黄淮海平原。太行山的隆升、边缘海陆架的沉降,黄河的贯通及晚第四纪大规模海侵等,深刻改造了黄淮海平原的自然环境,至今仍然影响其社会经济的发展,成为重要的科学问题。针对这些事件的研究,对于理解晚新生代黄淮海平原的形成和演化具有重要意义,也可为缓解该地区目前紧张的人地关系提供理论基础。对晚新生代黄淮海平原形成发育的构造地貌过程、黄河贯通和晚第四纪海侵等重大事件研究现状进行了综合分析,认为：①青藏高原隆升是黄淮海平原当今地貌及海陆格局形成的根本原因;②黄河贯通对黄淮海平原地表过程、水系演化及源-汇体系带来深远影响;③沿海地区晚更新世以来3次重要的海侵事件及相关的海陆相互作用,不但造成了沉积环境的变化,还形成了下切河谷特殊地貌景观;④晚新生代黄淮海地区重大地质事件的时间节点是中新世和晚第四纪。系统总结了黄淮海平原在构造-气候相互作用、地貌动态演化和年代学研究中存在的问题,认为未来亟需对黄淮海平原开展多学科系统性的工作。     

Seismic risk assessment of interdependent critical infrastructure systems: The case of European gas and electricity networks

We study the seismic vulnerability of the interdependent European gas and electricity transmission networks from a topological point of view, whereby the electricity network depends on the gas network through gas‐fired power plants. First, we assessed the seismic response for each independent network; then we analyzed the increased vulnerability due to their interdependency. We implemented a probabilistic reliability model that encompasses the spatial distribution of both network structures and their seismic hazard exposure using a Geographic Information System. We characterized the network interdependency using the strength of coupling of the interconnections, together with the seismic response of the independent—gas—network. We calculated the network fragility curves of the independent and dependent networks in terms of various performance measures (connectivity loss, power loss, and impact on the population) and found that the gas network is more seismically vulnerable than the electricity network. The interdependency introduces an extra vulnerability to the electricity network response that decreases with the extensiveness of the networks' damage states. Damage was also evaluated at a local level in order to identify the most vulnerable parts of the network, where it was found that the potential for the highest power loss is located in southeast Europe. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西昌海河流域大中型滑坡发育特征及其成灾规律分析

海河流域以邛海湖为核心,呈树枝状展布,将美丽的西昌城环保其中。受地质环境条件所限,流域内地质灾害频发,危害严重。随着近年来以图幅为单元的高精度地质灾害调查工作的开展,发现海河流域内10万立方米以上的大中型滑坡数量众多,其发生往往造成严重的灾害事件。本文以典型实例为基础,研究分析了海河流域内大中型滑坡的发育特征,归纳总结了其主要危害形式及成灾规律,对区域内地质灾害研究与防治具有一定的科学意义。分析结果表明：（1）海河流域内大中型滑坡主要发育在攀西红层中,地层岩性特征影响着滑坡的滑动失稳方式;（2）断层及其诱发的劈理常构成滑坡边界或滑动面,进而控制滑坡变形;（3）海河流域内大中型滑坡多为降雨、洪水、地震等多因素耦合诱发的;（4）受人类工程活动因素影响,海河流域内大中型滑坡灾害表现出直接危害小、间接影响大,且链式效应明显的成灾规律。     

海底管线水平向整体屈曲及失效判断方法研究

海底管线是海洋石油的重要输运手段。为满足输送工艺的需要,正常工作条件下管线往往被施加较高的温度和压强,高温高压使管线内产生附加应力,当附加应力大于土体对管线的约束力时,管线就会发生整体屈曲。过度的水平向整体屈曲会导致截面产生较大的弯曲应力和压缩应变,对管线系统的安全运行造成威胁,因此需要对发生水平向整体屈曲后的管线进行验算。采用解析解法、规范法和有限元法对管线的整体屈曲进行分析,提出了应用临界屈曲荷载值域空间和值域下限来判断不同缺陷大小下管线是否发生水平向整体屈曲的方法。结合工程实例,分别采用内力控制标准和位移控制标准对管线水平向整体屈曲后是否失效进行了验算。研究指出,相较于位移标准,内力控制标准更为严格。     

碎石桩处理软土地基临界填筑高度的研究

目前计算碎石桩处理软土地基临界填筑高度的方法并不完善,没有考虑软基经碎石桩处理后复合地基强度的增加和地基排水固结能力的提高,基于此,依据固结理论,引入碎石桩复合地基固结计算的简化方法,修正按变形控制的临界填筑高度计算公式;并结合四川省遂-资高速公路软基变形监测数据,得出软基厚度在6.5～11.0 m范围内,观测所得的临界填筑高度为4.5～6.5 m,该观测值与修正公式计算值差异性不显著,证实所推导的解析式是切实可行的;在此基础上,初步探讨影响路堤临界填筑高度变化的因素,得出软基厚度、桩间距对其影响较为明显。     

Research on the critical conditions for clay particle release during saline aquifer freshening process

Water sensitivity phenomenon occurs during saline aquifer freshening process in seawater intrusion area, and clay particles released in the phenomenon can damage the infiltration capacity of the aquifer. In order to find out the factors and mechanisms for clay particle release, laboratory column infiltration experiments simulating saline aquifer freshening process were designed to measure the critical conditions(critical flow velocity, critical salt concentration and critical ionic strength) and force analysis for clay particle according to DLVO electric double layer theory was employed to illustrate the mechanisms for particle release. The research results showed that critical flow velocity for clay particle release is influenced by salt concentration of injecting solution. When salt concentration of injecting solution is very high, clay particles are not released, indicating that there does not exist a critical flow velocity in this situation. As salt concentration of injecting solution decreases, particles start to be released. The critical salt concentration for clay particle release is 0.052 mol L-1 in our work, which was determined by a constant-flux experiment for stepwise displacement of high concentration Na Cl solution. The critical ionic strength for clay particle release decreases as Ca2+ molar content percentage of the mixed solution of Na Cl and Ca Cl2 increases following the first-order exponential decay equation y = 0.0391e-0.266 x + 0.0015.     

带结构面围岩山岩压力计算探讨

岩体内存在着节理、断层、软弱夹层、岩层层面、片理、片麻理等各种结构面,结构面的不同组合,形成了形状不一、规模不等的各种结构体。给出了两组同倾向结构面、多组同倾向结构面、两组反倾向结构面,在不同倾角组合、不同计算条件下山岩压力的计算模式,并进行了比较分析,得出了有益的结论。