电磁波测高方法在矿山开采沉陷中的应用研究

目前地表移动观测站仍然是矿山在采动影响下研究地表移动变形规律的有效技术手段。测绘新技术的发展与应用给地表移动观测站提供了各种先进的技术方法。本文介绍了地表移动观测站采集监测信息过程中,采用电磁波测高方法代替几何水准测量获取监测点高程信息的方法。通过实际观测试验与精度分析,此方法在技术上是可行的,在精度是允许的,大大简化了测量工序,提高了工作效率。     

煤层顶板导水裂缝带发育高度探测研究——以黑龙江省双鸭山双阳煤矿为例

煤层顶板导水裂缝带发育高度是煤矿设计部门在留设防、隔水煤柱时必须考虑的一个重要参数,对煤矿水体下采煤、顶板防治水具有重要意义。基于双阳煤矿水文地质补充勘探项目,在8#煤层采空区上方施工两个地面钻孔,采用地面钻孔钻井液漏失量实测法、钻孔电视摄像技术及传统经验公式法相结合的方法,综合确定8#煤层顶板导水裂缝带发育高度为43.7~45.7m,为地质条件相似矿区在合理确定开采上限、留设防（隔）水煤柱等问题提供方法和数据支持。     

Short-term variations and influencing factors of suspended sediment concentrations at the Heisha Beach,Guangdong, China

Knowledge of sediment variation processes is essential to understand the evolution mechanism of beach morphology changes. Thus, a field measurement was conducted at the Heisha Beach, located on the west coast of the Zhujiang River(Pearl River) Estuary, to investigate the short-term variation in suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) and the relationship between the SSC and turbulent kinetic energy, bottom shear stress(BSS), and relative wave height. Based on extreme event analysis results, extr...     

南海制图的中美对比分析——基于批判制图学视角

运用文本分析,从中美关于南海制图的特点及差异着手,探讨了中美制图所表达的南海领域化过程以及地图对于领域化实践的作用。研究发现：1）中美制图中南海海域范围、岛礁地名及海疆边界表达的演变,是国家权力影响制图的表现。2）中美南海制图差异源于维护国家核心利益的需求：中国通过制图（再）领域化,对内加强南海海域管控,强化国民海权意识,对外宣示南海主权;美国通过制图（去）再领域化,强调南海的公海和多国属性。3）地图作为领域化工具,能够在国际舞台上讲述中国人的南海故事,也能清晰表达中国对南海诸岛和附近水域拥有主权的一贯和明确立场。应从地图维权、地图创新、地图宣传等方面加强对南海的领域化表达,使地图在南海海洋国土治理中发挥更重要的作用。     

藏东南色季拉山林线物种方枝柏的叶寿命

作为叶经济学谱系中的一个关键指标,叶寿命是植物为了获得最大化光合碳收获的重要适应策略。由于很难鉴别越冬芽鳞痕以及区别不同叶龄叶片,鲜有研究关注柏科物种的叶寿命,使得我们对该类群的叶经济学谱系研究缺乏了解。基于此,我们对西藏东南部色季拉山不同海拔、不同冠层高度的方枝柏叶寿命和单位重量的叶氮含量(N;)开展了调查分析。结果表明,方枝柏平均叶寿命约为4.2±1.2年,总体上不同海拔间叶寿命差异不明显。随树冠高度的垂直变化,叶寿命总体上并未表现出明显的线性变化趋势。随叶寿命的增加,N;呈现降低趋势。进一步分析了叶寿命与对应绿色小枝长度的关系,发现二者关系不显著或解释度极低,表明小枝长度不能很好地预测叶寿命的变化。总的来说,在高山林线以及邻近的亚高山地区,海拔和冠高的变化对方枝柏叶寿命的影响较小,而叶寿命与叶氮含量的关系符合叶的经济学法则。     

GFE(L)1型二次测风雷达位势米和几何米偏差分析

GFE（L）1型二次测风雷达探空观测过程中,有时监控界面显示区位势米（气高）和几何米（高度）之间差值会偏大,甚至达4000～5000 m,远远超出正常范围,记录明显异常,经常导致观察员处理记录困难。该文针对造成偏差的各种主要可能原因及相关原理进行了比较详细的分析,对各种原因可能产生的误差范围进行了测算和归类,提供了不同情况下出现记录大偏差时的分析思路和重点考虑方向,并对偏差明显的记录提出了一些符合规范要求的处理方法,供相关工作人员和研究人员参考。     

一种考虑海拔高度的风速测量相关推测法

测量相关推测法 (measure-correlate-predict,简称MCP方法) 广泛应用于风能评估,它基于风场空间相关原理,利用参照站和目标站同步短期风记录来推测目标站点长期风速和潜在风能大小。但以往任何一种MCP方法都只能推测与参照站在同一海拔高度上目标站的风速,而对于较高或较低处目标站风速的推测会出现较大误差,具有局限性。该文选取内蒙古锡林郭勒草原地区两座风能测风塔2009年5月—2010年4月的6层高度数据,拟合出Weibull双参数分布随高度变化的公式,从而得到高低空风的关系。并通过Weibull双参数分布法,在方差比MCP方法的基础上建立起一种修正的MCP方法,它修正了方差比MCP方法由于海拔高度不同而引起的误差。最后选取了4种检验因子 (相关系数、平均风速、卡方拟合优度、年平均发电量) 对方差比MCP方法和修正的MCP方法分别进行考察,并进行对比分析。结果表明:修正的MCP方法推测结果更接近于实测值,4种检验因子检验结果较方差比MCP方法更优,能够运用到难于测量地区的风能评估。     

On the contribution of Rossby waves driven by surface buoyancy fluxes to low-frequency North Atlantic steric sea surface height variations

Previous studies have shown that wind-forced baroclinic Rossby waves can capture a large portion of low-frequency steric sea surface height (SSH) variations in the North Atlantic. In this paper, the classical wind-driven Rossby wave model derived in a 1.5-layer ocean is extended to include surface buoyancy forcing, and the new model is then used to assess the contribution from buoyancy-forced Rossby waves to low-frequency North Atlantic steric SSH variations. Buoyancy forcing is determined from surface heating as freshwater fluxes are negligible. It is found that buoyancy-forced Rossby waves are important in only a few regions belonging to the subtropical-to-midlatitude and eastern subpolar North Atlantic. In these regions, the new Rossby wave model accounts for 25%–70% of low-frequency steric SSH variations. Furthermore, as part of the analysis it is also shown that a simple static model driven by local surface heat fluxes captures 60%–75% of low-frequency steric SSH variations in the Labrador Sea, which is a region where Rossby waves are found to have no influence on the steric SSH.     

The Significant Role of Radiosonde-measured Cloud-base Height in the Estimation of Cloud Radiative Forcing

The satellite-based quantification of cloud radiative forcing remains poorly understood, due largely to the limitation or uncertainties in characterizing cloud-base height (CBH). Here, we use the CBH data from radiosonde measurements over China in combination with the collocated cloud-top height (CTH) and cloud properties from MODIS/Aqua to quantify the impact of CBH on shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCRF). The climatological mean SWCRF at the surface (SWCRF_SUR), at the top of the atmosphere (SWCRF_TOA), and in the atmosphere (SWCRF_ATM) are estimated to be ?97.14, ?84.35, and 12.79 W m^?2, respectively for the summers spanning 2010 to 2018 over China. To illustrate the role of the cloud base, we assume four scenarios according to vertical profile patterns of cloud optical depth (COD). Using the CTH and cloud properties from MODIS alone results in large uncertainties for the estimation of SWCRF_ATM, compared with those under scenarios that consider the CBH. Furthermore, the biases of the CERES estimation of SWCRF_ATM tend to increase in the presence of thick clouds with low CBH. Additionally, the discrepancy of SWCRF_ATM relative to that calculated without consideration of CBH varies according to the vertical profile of COD. When a uniform COD vertical profile is assumed, the largest SWCRF discrepancies occur during the early morning or late afternoon. By comparison, the two-point COD vertical distribution assumption has the largest uncertainties occurring at noon when the solar irradiation peaks. These findings justify the urgent need to consider the cloud vertical structures when calculating the SWCRF which is otherwise neglected.     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.