东海区小黄鱼渔业生物学现状的分析

以2001年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据，对小黄鱼的体长、体重、生长、死亡等渔业生物学特征及临界年龄等进行了分析研究。结果表明，目前东海区小黄鱼优势体长组为110～130mm，占41．34％；优势体重组为20～40g，占50．91％；总死亡系数为2．05，自然死亡系数为0．58，捕捞死亡系数为1．47，临界年龄为2．18龄。对照东海区小黄鱼生物学特征的历史状况分析，目前东海区小黄鱼个体小型化、低龄化、性成熟提早现象明显，生物学参数发生较大变化。建议在东海区现行资源状态下，小黄鱼的可捕标准应充分考虑其生物学现状加以科学调整。     

冲绳海槽热液柱动力过程的数值模拟

本文以冲绳海槽伊平屋北部热液区(126o53.80′,27o45.50′)的现场水文数据作为背景条件,使用k-ε湍流模型模拟热液柱的动力过程。模拟计算得到的羽流速度、温度和湍流耗散率等基本物理量展现了热液柱的时空演化过程。模拟结果显示,羽流最大上升高度及中性浮力面高度与海底的距离分别为83.62m和68.97m,和2014年先导专项在此附近热液区所观测的温度异常和盐度异常的深度位置(离海底约66—86m)接近。羽流的上升速度满足高斯分布,其半径b与距喷口高度z-H成正比:b=0.0985(z-H),其中z为距海底高度,H为热液烟囱体的高度。羽流的最大体积通量比喷口的初始值增加了878倍,达1.034m~3/s;在中性浮力面位置附近,动量通量达到最大值,为0.156m~4/s~2,比初始值增加了882倍;浮力通量在中性浮力面以下和BM2000(Bloomfield et al,2000)理论模型符合良好,在中性浮力面以上则呈现随高度先增加后减小的特征。本文计算得到的平均卷挟率为α≈0.0807,与背景流较弱的热液区的声学现场观测结果相符。     

基于ROMS和4DVAR的沿轨与网格化SSH数据同化效果评价

Remote sensing products are significant in the data assimilation of an ocean model. Considering the resolution and space coverage of different remote sensing data, two types of sea surface height(SSH) product are employed in the assimilation, including the gridded products from AVISO and the original along-track observations used in the generation. To explore their impact on the assimilation results, an experiment focus on the South China Sea(SCS) is conducted based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS) and the four-dimensional variational data assimilation(4 DVAR) technology. The comparison with EN4 data set and Argo profile indicates that, the along-track SSH assimilation result presents to be more accurate than the gridded SSH assimilation, because some noises may have been introduced in the merging process. Moreover, the mesoscale eddy detection capability of the assimilation results is analyzed by a vector geometry–based algorithm. It is verified that, the assimilation of the gridded SSH shows superiority in describing the eddy's characteristics, since the complete structure of the ocean surface has been reconstructed by the original data merging.     

Numerical modeling investigation on turbulent oscillatory flow over a plane rough bed composed by randomly arrayed particles

A three-dimensional numerical model is established to simulate the turbulent oscillatory boundary layer over a fixed and rough bed composed by randomly arrayed solid spheres based on the lattice Boltzmann method and the large eddy simulation model.The equivalent roughness height,the location of the theoretical bed and the time variation of the friction velocity are investigated using the log-fit method.The time series of turbulent intensity and Reynolds stress are also investigated.The equivalent roughness height of cases with Reynolds numbers of 1×10~4–6×10~4 is approximately 2.81 d(grain size).The time variation of the friction velocity in an oscillatory cycle exhibits sinusoidal-like behavior.The friction factor depends on the relative roughness in the rough turbulent regime,and the pattern of solid particles arrayed as the rough bed in the numerical simulations has no obvious effect on the friction factor.     

驯化水温及温升速率对三门湾三种虾蟹类热耐受性的影响

作者采用动态实验法与静态实验法相结合的方法,研究了三门湾脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)和日本(Charybdis japonica)在不同季节的基础水温即驯化水温(8~29℃)和温升速率(0.5~15.0℃/h)下的热耐受能力。结果表明,驯化水温和温升速率对各实验动物的热耐受性均有显著影响。实验动物的热耐受性与驯化水温总体上呈显著正相关,而温升速率对热耐受性的影响具有物种特异性,并受驯化水温制约;在不同驯化水温下,各实验动物的热耐受性随温升速率增大呈不同变化趋势。各实验动物的24 h高起始致死温度受驯化水温的影响显著,随着驯化水温从8℃升高到29℃,脊尾白虾、日本和口虾蛄的24hUILT50分别从24.2、34.6、24.9℃显著增大到35.3、37.4和34.4℃。结合3种实验动物的最大临界温度分析,它们的热耐受能力依次为:日本脊尾白虾口虾蛄。研究结果可为探究三门湾水域潜在的热污染状况及其生态环境效应提供科学依据。     

HHT-EEMD用于IGS站高程时间序列分析

利用经验模态分解（EMD）和整体经验模态分解（EEMD）方法,将BJFS站2000~2015年高程时间序列进行分解,发现其不仅存在1 a、0.5 a、0.25 a、2个月、1个月以及长周期等周期项,还存在以往方法很难探测出来的近似2 a周期信号。与EMD分解结果对比,整体经验模态分解可以明显减弱模式混叠现象。对各分量进行Hilbert 变换（HHT）,得到时间-频率-能量的Hilbert 频谱图。结果表明,年周期和2 a周期变化是高程运动的主要贡献项。利用小波变换方法对比验证EEMD的分解结果表明,与小波分析相比,EEMD重构信号与高程序列差异的RMS更小,证明了HHT-EEMD方法在数据资料分析过程中的有效性。对环境负载及GRACE负载造成的测站位移进行功率谱分析得出,环境负载确实会造成IGS站高程时间序列的1 a、0.5 a以及季节性运动,GRACE负载还验证了2 a信号的存在。     

Properties of geogrid-reinforced marine slope due to the groundwater level changes

Evaluation of slope stability, especially in the absence of a proper bed such as marine soils, is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. Using geogrid layers to enhance the strength and stability of embankments is regarded as a commendable stabilization method. On the other hand, groundwater level erratically fluctuates in coastal areas. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effects of groundwater level changes on stability of a geogrid-reinforced slope on loose marine soils in Qeshm Island, Iran. At first, geotechnical properties of the site were obtained by comprehensive series of geotechnical laboratory and in situ tests. Then, by simultaneous changes of groundwater level and several parameters such as embankment slope, loading, geogrid length, geogrid number, and tensile strength of geogrid, different characteristics such as embankment safety factor (SF), vertical and horizontal displacements at embankment top and embankment base were studied. It was observed that groundwater level had significant effects on behavior of the embankment. For most of the observations, by decreasing the groundwater level, the displacements decreased and consequently safety factor increased. Increasing the length, number, and tensile strength of geogrid led to the reduction of displacements and an increase in the safety factor.     

Response and capacity of monopod caisson foundation under eccentric lateral loads

Monopod caisson foundation is a viable alternative for supporting offshore wind turbines located at shallow water depths. This foundation system has to resist overturning moment generated due to resultant lateral load, arising from wind and water wave action, that can act at any loading height above the seabed. This paper presents results of a numerical investigation performed to determine the influence of loading height, caisson geometry and superstructure load on the ultimate lateral capacity, initial stiffness, and soil failure zone of the foundation, when installed in very dense sand. Both the ultimate and serviceable states of the caisson foundation obtained from the analyses are represented in terms of envelopes plotted between lateral load and overturning moment. Simplified expressions, which take into account the influence of caisson geometry, loading height, and soil properties, are also presented to serve as a preliminary base for design of the monopod caisson foundation.     

实验研究岩石圈深部流体及相关科学问题

实验研究地球岩石圈深部流体和对地球深部流体的观测发现,水溶液在跨越临界态时有许多特殊性质。使用水热金刚石压钻在200～800MPa,300～700℃条件下,可观测到：NaCl-H2O溶液两相不混溶相区的结构和近临界态现象。测量高温高压下NaCl溶液的电导率,在近临界和跨越临界态时发现最大电导率值。在对大洋中脊热水观测中可发现大多数喷口是在2200m深。喷口正在近临界态条件下喷出含矿流体。这些临界态研究对于重新分析岩石圈的地球物理测量结果和对认识大陆岩石圈内流体性质有很大意义。     

中地壳的地球化学动力学和矿石成因

笔者重点进行了大于300℃——在近临界区至超临界区条件下的硅酸盐矿物与水反应动力学实验。矿物(钠长石Ab、透辉石Di、阳起石Act和磁铁矿Mt)的溶解反应动力学实验是使用流体通过叠层反应器的开放体系在25～400℃和22MPa下完成的。实验发现矿物在300℃至400℃范围,在跨越水临界点时出现反应速率的涨落。各种多金属氧化物硅酸盐与水反应时,各个元素溶解到溶液里的释放速率一般不一样,常称为一致溶解作用。但是,在近300℃变为一致溶解作用。实验发现在22MPa时硅酸盐矿物的最大溶解反应速率多是在300℃,如硅的最大释放速率是在300℃。其余元素如Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Al等释放速率在<300℃22MPa时都高于硅的释放速率,在>300℃时硅的释放速率要高于其它元素的释放速率。确切地说,金属与氧之间的键的性质决定了它们(金属氧化物)与水之间反应速率。在一般情况下,Na-Obr,Ca-Obr,Mg-Obr,Al-Obr和Si-Obr的键桥(br),它们之间相对地由具有离子键性质逐步变为具有极性键的性质。由常温常压到亚临界区(300～374℃22MPa),再到大于临界点374℃、22MPa进入超临界区,水的性质随温度、压力变化。水由容易溶解离子键逐渐变为容易打破极性键。笔者还研究了黑钨矿、锡石(玄武岩、花岗闪长岩)与水在250～400℃条件下的反应动力学过程,得出了相同的结果。实验均发现在跨越水临界点时矿物(或岩石)与水反应的动力学涨落。这些实验结果可以用于说明中地壳上部的水/岩相互作用的特征。发生于中地壳的水、岩相互作用大多是在300～450℃和20～50MPa条件下进行的。各地区的地壳厚度不一,中地壳温度压力并不完全相同。模拟中地壳条件下水/岩相互作用实验,目的主要是研究矿物(或岩石)在300～450℃条件下反应动力学过程。已有热液矿床矿物流体包体数据表明:有一批矿床的主要矿石形成于300～500℃,低于NaCl H2O溶液临界线的条件。中地壳的流体处于由亚临界态跨越临界态,进入超临界流体太的演化过程。这种流体的性质变化会引起水/岩相互作用的反应动力学涨落和矿石大量沉淀。