Seismic experiments on Showa-Shinzan lava dome using firework shots

Seismic experiments were conducted on Showa-Shinzan, a parasitic lava dome of volcano Usu, Hokkaido, which was formed during 1943–1945 activity. Since we found that firework shots fired on the ground can effectively produce seismic waves, we placed many seismometers on and around the dome during the summer festivals in 1984 and 1985. The internal structure had been previously studied using a prospecting technique employing dynamite blasts in 1954. The measured interval velocity across the dome in 1984 ranges 1.8–2.2 km/s drastically low compared to the results (3.0–4.0 km/s) in 1954; in addition, the velocity is 0.3–0.5 km/s higher than that in the surrounding area. The variation of the observed first arrival amplitudes can be explained by geometrical spreading in the high velocity lava dome. These observations show a marked change in the internal physical state of the dome corresponding to a drop in the measured highest temperature at fumaroles on the dome from 800°C in 1947 to 310°C in 1986.     

岩石流变参数鲁棒辨识方法研究

基于室内岩石三轴蠕变试验资料对岩石的流变本构模型及流变参数进行辨识,是研究岩石流变力学特性的重要手段。由于受到试验条件和随机噪声的影响,试验数据中经常夹杂有异常值,采用传统的最小二乘法进行参数估计其结果往往会出现较大偏差。为了克服异常值对参数辨识结果的影响,引入统计学中的稳健估计理论,通过对实测的样本资料赋予不同的权重,采用双二次加权最小二乘法对流变参数进行估计。对比试验和计算结果表明,该方法能够有效地减小异常值对辨识结果的影响,在估值精度、收敛性、鲁棒性方面均优于传统的最小二乘估计方法。     

2015年7月11日浙江绍兴太平山村滑坡灾害研究

2015年7月11日23时,受前期连续降雨和灿鸿台风短时强降雨影响,浙江省绍兴市太平山村滑坡在2000年首次发生滑动变形基础上,再次出现剧烈的变形迹象,前缘土体明显隆起,滑坡边界急剧扩大,直接威胁到下方约25幢居民住户的生命财产安全。本文在地表裂缝、滑坡表面位移及坡体深层水平位移监测基础上,结合详细的地质调查、现场工程地质测绘、含水率及渗透试验等手段,对太平山村滑坡的基本特征进行了分析,并形成了滑坡形成机制及破坏模式的初步认识。结果表明：（1）滑坡平面形态呈圈椅状,主滑方向约140,滑坡体斜长约330m,前缘宽150～180m,后缘宽度约75～105m,厚15～25m,体积105104m3,以残坡积和坡洪积含碎石粉质黏土层为主;（2）强降雨是诱发滑坡体失稳变形的主要因素;（3）滑坡基本呈蠕动变形状态,滑动速度缓慢,仅在强降雨条件下出现依次明显的错动,一般时期内基本保持稳定状态,可以判定为牵引式滑坡。     

细观非均质岩石蠕变特征的物理元胞自动机模拟

岩石是经历多次地质运动形成的极为复杂的材料,而蠕变是其典型的力学特征之一,因此,探索模拟岩石蠕变新方法是岩石力学所面临的重要课题。基于八邻居Moore元胞,根据岩石蠕变特征,采用广义能量构造元胞蠕变及破坏演化算法,建立相应岩石蠕变的物理元胞自动机模型,编制相应软件,实现了对细观非均质岩石从稳定蠕变、临界蠕变到加速蠕变特征进行了有效模拟,为进一步研究岩石的蠕变行为提供了一个新的有效途径。     

基于应变软化指标的岩石非线性蠕变模型

研究并提出一种以应变软化指标为基础的岩石非线性蠕变模型。首先,基于岩石三轴压缩试验结果,分析提出一种峰后应变软化指标R1来描述岩石峰后力学参数软化与塑性变形间的关系。接着,通过分析加速蠕变阶段与峰后段的联系,建立加速蠕变应变软化指标R2,并以此为基础构建非线性黏塑性体。然后,将其与Hook体和Kelvin元件串联,组建非线性蠕变模型,并将模型嵌入ABAQUS有限元程序。最后,针对砂岩和泥岩三轴蠕变试验建立数值模型,模拟曲线与试验曲线吻合良好,说明所建模型适用于硬岩/软岩加速蠕变现象的模拟。其中,参数 对加速蠕变曲线形态起调节作用,显示模型模拟脆性?延性流变破坏的特点。另外,模型参数均可由常规压缩破坏试验以及蠕变试验确定,易于获取。     

A mystery solved: the mass ratio of the dwarf nova EM Cygni

We have discovered that the spectrum of the well-known dwarf nova EM Cyg is contaminated by light from a K25V star (in addition to the K-type mass donor star). The K25V star contributes approximately 16 per cent of the light from the system and if not taken into account has a considerable effect upon radial velocity measurements of the mass donor star. We obtain a new radial velocity amplitude for the mass donor star of K ₂=202±3 km s¹, compared with the value of K ₂=135±3 km s¹ obtained in Stover, Robinson & Nather's classic study of EM Cyg. The revised value of the amplitude, combined with a measurement of rotational broadening of the mass donor, v  sin  i =140±6 km s¹, leads to a new mass ratio of q M ₂ M ₁=0.88±0.05. This solves a long-standing problem with EM Cyg, because Stover et al.'s measurements indicated a mass ratio q >1, a value that should have led to dynamically unstable mass transfer for the secondary mass deduced by Stover et al. The revised value of the mass ratio, combined with the orbital inclination i =67±2°, leads to masses of 0.99±0.12 M and 1.12±0.08 M for the mass donor and white dwarf respectively. The mass donor is evolved, because it has a later spectral type (K3) than its mass would imply.
We discuss whether the K star could be physically associated with EM Cyg or not, and present the results of the spectroscopic study.     

含水对富铁橄榄石流变性的影响

橄榄石是下地壳上地幔最丰富的造岩矿物,橄榄石集合体的高温高压流变性对地幔动力学过程有着很大的影响。以往对橄榄石单晶和集合体进行过的流变性实验研究,涉及了温度、压力、氧逸度、含铁量以及含水等因素的影响,本文研究了含水对富铁橄榄石集合体流变性能的影响,首先,利用高精度 Paterson 气体介质变形装置对含水富铁橄榄石集合体(Mg_(0.9),Fe_(0.1))_2SiO_4、(Mg_(0.7),Fe_(0.3))_2SiO_4和(Mg_(0.5),Fe_(0.5))_2SiO_4进行了高温三轴压缩蠕变试验,变形试验条件为:温度1323～1473K,围压300MPa,差应力10～300MPa,应变率10~(-7)～10~(-4)s~(-1),每个试件的最大变形量为20%。利用三维非线性拟合方法对蠕变试验数据进行分析,结果表明,含水富铁橄榄石集合体的微观变形机制为扩散域和位错域,对三种铁含量,扩散域的应力指数为1。位错蠕变域中,Fo_(50)应力指教为3.8,活化能为444kJ/mol;Fo_(70)应力指数为3.7,活化能为479kJ/mol,Fo_(90)应力指数为3.6,活化能为514kJ/mol。将实验结果与不含水富铁橄榄石集合体的强度进行对比,发现含水使富铁橄榄石的强度明显下降,舍铁量相同时,含水橄榄石集合体的流变强度比干燥时小至少一个数量级。从而得到了含水对含铁量不同的橄榄石集合体粘性(强度)影响的初步试验结果。     

Effects of decomposition on the compressibility of fibrous peat — A review

Peat deposits are comprised of high organic content substances primarily derived from dead plant vegetation. Peat itself is not inert but undergoes continuous biological decomposition that causes progressive destruction of the peat fabric, reductions in fibre and organic contents and biogas generation. Depending on the degree of decomposition, the organic solids can exist as fresh (intact) fibres, slightly decomposed or ultimately completely decomposed (amorphous) material. From a geotechnical perspective, an understanding of the relationship between degree of decomposition and engineering properties, including the level of compressibility, is important in dealing with such problematic deposits. However a review of the literature indicates that such relationships have not been sufficiently investigated. Moreover, potential impacts of uncontrolled or unexpected decomposition in-situ are regularly discounted in geotechnical practice. This paper reviews decomposition effects in peat and potentially significant knock-on effects in terms of the material’s physical properties and compressibility. Progressive reduction in solids volume and deterioration in the integrity of the organic structure due to on-going decomposition may cause significant additional settlement to occur over time. More decomposed peat generally undergoes lower primary consolidation and creep strains and is also less prone to future decomposition, compared with lesser decomposed peat.     

洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土一维固结蠕变模型研究

利用一维固结蠕变试验研究洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土的蠕变特征,建立了适用于描述洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土应力-应变-时间关系的经验蠕变模型。研究结果表明,轴向应变 与时间t在双对数坐标系中呈良好的线性递增关系。随着固结应力的增加, - 关系曲线的斜率显著减小,且相邻两级荷载作用下 - 关系曲线的间距逐渐变短。在高应力水平下, - 关系曲线趋于水平,同时曲线斜率减小的速率明显降低。双曲线函数比指数函数更为适合描述洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土的应变-应力关系,将Singh-Mitchell模型中的应变-应力关系修正为双曲线型比较符合工程实际。发现 - 关系曲线的斜率与固结应力呈双曲线函数关系。在此基础上,建立了反映应力水平影响、适用于描述洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土蠕变特性的5参数修正Singh-Mitchell模型。     

考虑围岩蠕变全过程与扩容的深埋隧洞非线性位移解

深埋隧洞围岩变形是一个复杂的非线性力学问题,其中岩石的蠕变全过程和扩容是两个重要的影响因素。引入扩容角考虑塑性体积变化的影响,推导Hoek-Brown屈服准则下考虑与不考虑洞周面力的深埋隧洞围岩非线性应力解。借助可描述蠕变全过程行为的河海模型,获得了围岩黏弹塑性区蠕变位移表达式。针对不同NVPB蠕变参数和不同材料参数m值情况,讨论分析了洞周面力与扩容角对隧洞洞壁蠕变位移的影响规律。结果表明：在高地应力作用下,采用非线性蠕变模型描述深埋隧洞围岩蠕变问题可获得蠕变全过程曲线;扩容角增大或洞周面力和材料参数m值减小时,相同时刻隧洞洞壁蠕变位移增大,对围岩长期稳定不利。研究结论对深埋隧洞围岩临崩预报具有一定指导意义。