厦门海底隧道围岩流变特性及其特征曲线

厦门海底隧道是我国建设的第一条海底公路隧道,其穿越的F1,F2,F3,F4共4条断层破碎带,洞体围岩软弱、破碎,流变属性十分明显。对该类岩石进行了室内三轴压缩流变试验。试验结果表明,幂律型蠕变模型可以用来较好地模拟该类岩石除第三阶段蠕变以外的蠕变行为,并得到幂律型蠕变模型的相关流变参数。将幂律型蠕变方程和Drucker-Prager屈服准则相耦合来描述岩体的非线性黏弹塑性特性,应用数值方法研究了该隧道围岩的变形特性及其特征曲线。     

Fractal structure of the time distribution of microfracturing in rocks

Using acoustic emission data obtained from laboratory double torsion tests, we have analysed the fractal nature of a series of 29 granite microfracturing processes in time. The data represent a wide variety of timescales, stress environments (increasing load with a constant displacement rate, relaxation, creep), soaking conditions [air, water, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), polyethelene oxide (PEO) ], and material anisotropy. We find that the time distribution of rock microfracturing displays fractal and multifractal properties. In some cases, it has a single fractal or a multifractal structure. In other cases, it changes from a single fractal structure into a multifractal structure as the system evolves dynamically. We suggest that the heterogeneity of the rock, the distribution of joints or weak planes, the stress level, and the nature of the microfracturing mechanism lead to these multifractal properties. Whatever the fractal structure of the system, a lower fractal dimension is generally produced at near-failure of the rock due to an increased clustering. This result concerning the fractal-dimension decrease is consistent with the conclusion drawn from the spatial distribution of rock microfracturing. Therefore, from the vantage point of observation of the time distribution of rock microfracturing, the decrease of the fractal dimension has a potential use as a rock failure predictor.     

含水对富铁橄榄石流变性的影响

橄榄石是下地壳上地幔最丰富的造岩矿物,橄榄石集合体的高温高压流变性对地幔动力学过程有着很大的影响。以往对橄榄石单晶和集合体进行过的流变性实验研究,涉及了温度、压力、氧逸度、含铁量以及含水等因素的影响,本文研究了含水对富铁橄榄石集合体流变性能的影响,首先,利用高精度 Paterson 气体介质变形装置对含水富铁橄榄石集合体(Mg_(0.9),Fe_(0.1))_2SiO_4、(Mg_(0.7),Fe_(0.3))_2SiO_4和(Mg_(0.5),Fe_(0.5))_2SiO_4进行了高温三轴压缩蠕变试验,变形试验条件为:温度1323～1473K,围压300MPa,差应力10～300MPa,应变率10~(-7)～10~(-4)s~(-1),每个试件的最大变形量为20%。利用三维非线性拟合方法对蠕变试验数据进行分析,结果表明,含水富铁橄榄石集合体的微观变形机制为扩散域和位错域,对三种铁含量,扩散域的应力指数为1。位错蠕变域中,Fo_(50)应力指教为3.8,活化能为444kJ/mol;Fo_(70)应力指数为3.7,活化能为479kJ/mol,Fo_(90)应力指数为3.6,活化能为514kJ/mol。将实验结果与不含水富铁橄榄石集合体的强度进行对比,发现含水使富铁橄榄石的强度明显下降,舍铁量相同时,含水橄榄石集合体的流变强度比干燥时小至少一个数量级。从而得到了含水对含铁量不同的橄榄石集合体粘性(强度)影响的初步试验结果。     

绿片岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变本构模型研究

基于岩石双轴流变试验机得到的具有绿片岩软弱结构面的灰白色大理岩剪切蠕变试验曲线,对绿片岩软弱结构面的长期强度特性和加速蠕变特性进行研究,并在此基础上提出了1个新的非线性剪切流变元件,将该元件与西原模型串联起来,建立1个新的非线性黏弹塑性剪切流变模型,以充分描述绿片岩软弱结构面的剪切流变特性,采用绿片岩软弱结构面加速蠕变曲线,对提出的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型进行了辨识,得到了绿片岩软弱结构面非线性黏弹塑性流变模型的参数,对流变模型与试验结果进行比较,结果表明,所建立模型是正确合理的。     

An Analytical Investigation of a Variable-Compliance-type Constitutive Equation

Summary. A constitutive equation is proposed in which the compliance is assumed to monotonically increase as a load is applied. The primary feature of the constitutive equation is that the equation can be applied to various loading conditions such as constant stress rate, constant strain rate, creep, or relaxation. The second feature is that the equation has exact solutions under many loading conditions. The present paper shows the exact solutions for the constitutive equation and investigates the mutual relationships between the exact solutions for the different loading conditions. The third feature is that it is comparatively easy to find the constants in the constitutive equation. The present paper shows how to solve the constitutive equation for the constants, and the constants for some native Japanese rocks. The constitutive equation used in the present paper is extremely simple. Therefore, the equation can be easily implemented in almost any FEM code. It is likely that additional terms of the constitutive equation will prove necessary for practical usage. However, additional terms can be found very easily by finding higher-order approximations of experimental data.     

Stone column effectiveness in soils with creep: a numerical study

While it is well established that vibro stone columns reduce primary settlement and improve bearing capacity, their effect on creep compression has largely been overlooked to date. However, with increasing pressure to develop marginal sites underlain by soft organic soils, the effect of ground treatment on creep is an important emerging issue in geotechnical engineering. In this paper, a series of axisymmetric unit cell analyses have been carried out using the PLAXIS 2D finite element program in conjunction with the Soft Soil Creep (SSC) model. Examination of the evolution of settlement improvement factor with time has indicated that the presence of creep leads to a lower ‘total’ improvement factor than would be obtained for primary consolidation settlement alone. Separate ‘primary’ and ‘creep’ improvement factors have also been derived; the latter are much lower than the former, but are nevertheless greater than unity. Creep results in a stress transfer process; as the soil creeps, vertical stress is transferred from the soil to the stone column. The additional load carried by the column induces additional yielding and shear-plane formation in closely-spaced columns. The additional increment of stress transferred to the already yielded column reduces its efficacy.     

岩石的非线性西原流变模型及其应用

经典西原流变模型能够较好地描述岩石材料蠕变过程的前两个阶段,但不能描述加速蠕变阶段.前人对流变模型的改进和组合多以屈服强度阀值来界定加速蠕变阶段,而以时间阀值来界定加速蠕变阶段的研究相对较少.本文引入能反映加速蠕变加载时间的时间元件和能够描述加速蠕变曲线的非线性黏壶,两者并联组成TN体再与传统西原模型进行组合,形成一种能同时描述衰减蠕变、定常蠕变、加速蠕变的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型.并将新模型与实际试验数据进行拟合,相似性系数达0.99以上,所得模型更适合描述岩石材料的流变现象.     

Suction and time effects in rockfill deformation

Ambient relative humidity controls the stress-strain-time behaviour of granular media exhibiting particle breakage. Breakage is the result of crack propagation inside loaded particles. The DEM model developed uses the results of subcritical crack propagation in brittle rock to predict breakage and the subsequent structural rearrangement. Two closed-form solutions at grain level, stress distribution under diametrically opposed forces and the mode I crack propagation velocity, were included in the DEM formulation. Crack propagation velocity depends explicitly on relative humidity. The resulting model incorporates comminution and splitting modes of particle breakage as well as arbitrary grain shapes by means of aggregation of spherical microparticles. The model was first validated against a large diameter suction-controlled oedometer test on hard limestone crushed gravel. Direct tests on contact properties (local stiffness and friction) helped to validate the model. The model was then used to predict the response of large diameter suction-controlled triaxial tests on gravels having different (uniform) initial sizes. Time delayed deformations and wetting-induced collapse deformations under maintained load are also a natural outcome of the model. They were shown to follow quite accurately the experimental results.     

基于模型理论和遗传蠕变理论的改良膨胀土非线性流变研究

为研究膨胀土非线性流变,取水泥改良膨胀土样进行长期一维压缩试验,得到了改良膨胀土在不同应力水平下的应力-应变等时曲线簇。将曲线反映的非线性流变分解为线性黏弹性蠕变变形、线性黏塑性蠕变变形和非线性黏塑性蠕变变形三部分。基于模型理论和遗传蠕变理论建立了各部分流变模型,其中在线性黏弹性蠕变变形和线性黏塑性蠕变变形部分采用模型理论建立元件模型,在非线性黏塑性蠕变变形部分运用遗传蠕变理论建立积分蠕变方程,结合试验数据拟合出材料和方程参数,用该模型得到的蠕变曲线与实测结果能较好吻合。     

一个描述软黏土时效特性的一维弹黏塑性模型

为了描述软黏土一维应力-应变关系的时效特性,基于Bjerrum的等时间线体系,提出等黏塑性应变率线概念,推导了黏塑性应变率与黏塑性应变增量的关系,建立了软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型;从理论上分析了新建模型与3种典型的一维弹黏塑性时效本构模型的内在联系,表明新建模型与其他3种模型在本质上是等效的,且形式更简洁,物理意义更明确;利用新建模型对软黏土的固结-蠕变耦合效应、应变率效应、应力松弛效应等时效特性进行了理论分析,并得到了相应的解析解;结合宁波软黏土的一维固结试验,阐述了模型参数的确定方法,并用新建模型对宁波软黏土的固结-蠕变试验、温州软黏土的一维多级等应变率试验、香港海相软黏土的一维应力松弛试验进行模拟,验证了新建模型的有效性。研究结果表明,新建模型能很好地模拟软黏土的一维时效特性。