GIS中随机误差点位不确定性描述法研究

考虑到G IS分析决策时后续计算的简便性,以及不确定性描述的简单性,本文罗列了点位精度描述的多种方法,包括数学描述以及计算置信度的方法,用直观的二维(三维)图形对抽象的点位质量可视化,并进行分析比较。为简化各种描述点位精度的置信度计算,以采用k值所对应的描述误差椭圆的概率值为置信度为前提,对各种描述方法进行分类和比较,得出结论:在各种描述点位精度的方法中,点位均方向误差和误差区间,形式很简单,容易描述和参与计算。其中,点位均方向误差和区间表示法具有较强的实用性、简易性、灵活性、优势互补性,很适合来描述G IS中随机误差点位不确定性。     

基于光谱重建的高光谱特征参数选择方法——以苏北地区Hyperion数据为例

高光谱遥感能提供数十至数百个窄波段的光谱信息,从而能够依据地物的诊断性光谱特征进行地物识别。然而,高光谱遥感在提供丰富光谱信息的同时,波段间的相关性和冗余性制约着高光谱遥感的应用。因此,特征参数选择是高光谱遥感分类中最关键的环节之一。首先讨论EO-1/Hyperion的传感器特征,并对其L1R数据进行辐射校正、去条纹、Smile效应纠正等预处理工作。其次利用从图像中提取的典型地物的光谱曲线,采用光谱重建理论获得用于逼近光谱曲线的基函数及其对应的光谱区间。然后采用逐步增加光谱区间,并调整波段中心位置和宽度的方法,得到稳定的光谱区间。最后将光谱区间内的几个原始高光谱波段合成一个宽的波段,得到几个较宽波段的仿真图像,并对其进行分类。结果表明,基于光谱重建的特征参数选择方法获得的分类,总体精度高达92%,充分说明了该方法的有效性。     

TurboEdit 算法初始阶段周跳探测问题的理论分析

对文献中提出的T urboEdit算法初始阶段周跳探测有关问题进行了深入的理论分析。基于两个假设前提,推证了 T urboEdit算法中所给迭代公式的最小二乘平差实质;结合不同历元迭代公式所满足的概率及置信区间,对可能造成周跳探测不准的原因进行了统计意义上的解释。文中结果表明：T urboEdit算法的成功率仍然主要依赖伪距观测值的精度,在一定的精度水平下,不仅可能存在初始阶段周跳探测不准的问题,其他历元也同样存在周跳探测不准的问题;平差问题自由度较大程度上影响了初始阶段的周跳探测。     

Application of interval Newton method to solve nonlinear equations and global optimization

The basic principle of interval arithmetic and the basic algorithm of the interval Newton methods are introduced.The prototype algorithm can not find any zero in an interval that has zero sometimes,that is ,it is instable.So the prototype relaxation procedure is improved in this paper.Additionally,an immediate test of the existence of a solution following branch-and-bound is proposed,which avoids unwanted computations in those intervals that have no solution.The numerical results demonstrat that the improved interval Newton method is superior to prototype algorithm in terms of solution quality,stability and convergent speed.     

融入空间关系的二型模糊模型高分辨率遥感影像分割

为解决高分辨率遥感影像分割中,由光谱测度的空间复杂性、相同类型地物目标异质性增大带来的类属不确定性以及分割决策不确定性等引起的分割精度下降问题,提出一种融入空间关系的区间二型模糊模型高分辨率遥感影像监督分割方法。(1)建立高斯函数模型作为一型模糊模型,用来刻画像素类属的不确定性;(2)模糊化一型模糊模型中的均值或标准差,建立区间二型模糊模型,以强化类属的不确定表达和增加分割决策信息;(3)综合一型模糊模型及区间二型模糊模型的上、下隶属函数建模模糊决策模型;(4)融入邻域像素关系,使用待分像素及其邻域像素在模糊决策模型中的隶属度共同决定像素的类属。采用本文算法分别对真实高分辨遥感影像及合成影像进行分割,并对测试结果进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,本文算法可以得到更高的分割精度。     

基于灰色模型的建筑物沉降预测研究

由于非等间隔GM(1,1)灰色模型对于处理数据量小且表达信息不确定的数据具有优越性,因此广泛应用于石油天然气勘探、机床故障诊断、电力负荷预测、大坝安全监测等领域。基于非等间隔GM(1,1)灰色模型理论,利用某小区建筑物沉降观测的实测数据,建立了适合该小区建筑物沉降预测的灰色模型。通过对比理论预测值和实测值,并进行模型对应的精度评定分析,结果表明,此模型适用于该建筑物沉降预测分析的研究。     

非等间距WGM-AR模型在基坑周边建筑物沉降预测中的应用

非等间距GM（1,1）模型在不等时间间隔序列的趋势分析和预测方面具有重要作用,在此基础上,提出一种基于非等间距加权GM（1,1）模型和自回归AR（p）模型相结合的非等间距加权灰色自回归模型（非等间距WGM-AR模型）.将基坑周边建筑物沉降监测数据视为具有确定趋势的非等时间序列,对序列进行平滑处理,利用非等间距加权GM（1,1）模型提取该时序中的确定性趋势项,用自回归AR（p）模型分析生成的等间距序列中的随机项,并采用内插法得到沉降监测序列的随机项.将组合模型与非等间距GM（1,1）模型计算结果对比分析,结果表明,组合模型具有更高的预测精度,在基坑周边建筑物沉降预测中具有较高的应用价值.     

MSH法直接将地球勘探测线转化为深度,密度剖面

根据运动学中的动量守恒定律、分析地震勘探过程中地震波在地下介质中的传播过程,利用反射能量、透射能量与人射能量的计算公式和检波器转化的电信号与地下密度界面反射地震波波动能量的等效原理,推导出直接求层速度和层密度公式。利用某一反射界面直接测得的波速或依据钻孔资料求得的平均速度,在计算机上就可直接计算出各地震测线物性层的埋深和密度（速度、波阻抗）,由此地质工作人员依据已知地质柱状剖面（钻孔资料）可进一步     

Statistical Analysis on Depth Distribution Model of Earthquake Hypocenters

In order to improve reliability of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, shallow earthquake (depth <70 km) data, recorded with orientation precision grades 1 and 2 by modern instrument and containing depth information after 1970, are selected as statistical samples, meanwhile, North China seismic region, Central China seismic region, South China seismic region, Xinjiang seismic region and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau seismic region are chosen as statistical units to study the depth distribution characteristics of shallow earthquakes. Considering the differences of depth distribution characteristics of earthquakes with different magnitudes, the following magnitude intervals are adopted to analyze earthquakes with different magnitude scales, respectively: M S=2.0～2.9, M S=3.0～3.9, M S=4.0～4.9, M S=5.0～5.9 and M S=6.0～6.9. The results show that hypocenter depths are normally distributed by and large around the mean depth of the corresponding seismic region. The probabilistic distribution curves of earthquake depth in West China are wider than those in East China. The probabilistic distribution deviation, σ, of West China is greater than those of East China, that is, earthquakes in West China have a wider range in terms of depth. There is also a tendency that the absolute value of mean hypocenter depth increases with the magnitude by and large.     

LATE HOLOCENE AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVAL OF GREAT EARTHQUAKES OF SHANGZHI PART OF THE YILAN-YITONG FAULT ZONE,NE CHINA: CONSTRAINTS FROM PALEO-EARTHQUAKES AND HISTORICAL WRITTEN RECORDS

Although the kinematics and mechanics of the Yilan-Yitong fault zone (YYFZ) since the Mesozoic-early Cenozoic were studied very well in the past decades,few results about the average recurrence interval of great earthquakes in late Quaternary,which is the most important parameter for us to understand the active tectonics and potential seismic hazard of this crucial structure,were obtained because of its unfavorable work environments.Based on interpretations of high-resolution satellite images and detailed geologic and geomorphic mapping,we discovered that there exist linear fault scarp landforms and troughs in the Shangzhi part of YYFZ with a length of more than 25km.Synthesized results of trenches excavation and differential GPS measurements of terrace surfaces indicate two paleo-events EⅠ and EⅡ occurring in Shangzhi part during the late Holocene,which resulted in ca.(3.2±0.1) m accumulated vertical coseismic displacement with strike-slip motion accompanied by thrusting and shortening deformation.¹⁴C samples dating suggests that event EⅠ might occur at (440±30) and (180±30) a BP and event EⅡ might happen between (4 090±30) and (3 880±30) a BP,and the average recurrence interval of major earthquakes on the YYFZ is around (3 675±235) a.Historical written records discovered from Korea show that the event EⅠ may correspond to the earthquake occurring in AD 1810(Qing Dynasty in Chinese history) in Ningguta area with magnitude 7.0.