1995年康定城区洪灾成因分析

分析洪灾成因 :长时间连续降雨和随后而至的暴雨 ,是山洪成灾主要因素 ;特殊的水系结构使洪峰流量在城区河流汇合处叠加 ;山洪的动能大 ,挟带泥沙和冲蚀能力强 ;泥石流、滑坡、崩塌强烈活动 ,为山洪提供大量泥沙、推移质 ;人类经济活动不当 ,加大了灾害损失     

2008年春季中国南方冰雪冻害林木折损分析

An abrupt ice and snow storm disaster which occurred in the spring of 2008 severely destroyed forests over a surprisingly large portion of southern China. A transect crossing Jinggang Mountain-Jitai Basin-Yushan Mountain-Wuyi Mountain was selected as the study area. The authors integrated field data collected in two field surveys to analyze the impacts of the disturbance on forests. The following results were obtained. (1) The extent of damage to plantations along the transect decreased in the order of slash pine > masson pine > mixed plantation > Chinese fir. Slash pine is an introduced species from southern America which is characterized by fast growth, low wood quality and rich oleoresin, and showed a damage rate of 61.3% of samples, of which 70.4% cannot recover naturally. Masson pine is the native pioneer species of forests with harder wood, and 52.5% were damaged due to turpentine, of which 60.9% cannot recovery naturally. Chinese fir is a local tree species and samples showed a rate of 46% and a relative rate of 32.5%, lower than the mixed plantation. (2) From west to east along the transect, we can see that evergreen broad-leaved forest of the western transect on Jinggang Mountain showed the lightest damage extent, and a Cryptomeria plantation at an altitude of 700 m was severely destroyed while Chinese fir showed light damage below 700 m and relatively severe damage above 900 m. Masson pine and slash pine in the central transect in Jitai Basin were damaged severely due to turpentine activities, and closed natural secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest was damaged severely due to high ice and snow accumulation on intertwined shrubs. Masson pine aerial-seeding plantations below 400 m along the eastern transect in Xingguo and Ningdu counties were nearly undamaged for small tree sizes, and Chinese fir at 500-900 m altitude showed a lighter damage extent. However, masson pine which was distributed above 400 m and planted in the 1960s, was severely damaged due to turpentine.     

防海胆食害藻礁的设计及实验研究

人工藻礁是进行藻场建设的重要手段,但由于海胆等食藻类生物的摄食,将会影响藻类的生长,从而影响人工藻场的建设效果.为解决人工藻场建设中海胆的食害问题,从礁体自身设计出发,实验设计了8种不同形状的藻礁,选用光棘球海胆和中间球海胆为实验对象,观察比较了不同形状藻礁对海胆攀爬的阻碍效果,实验发现:侧周面为锯齿形或侧周面缠挂多孔柔性材料的礁型可有效阻止海胆攀爬,起到防止海胆摄食礁顶藻类的目的.研究结果为人工藻礁的设计提供了参考依据.     

下寺湾油田柳洛峪地区长8储层配伍性实验研究

柳洛峪地区长8地层水属CaCl2型,地层结垢伤害主要为BaSO4垢引起。注入水为长2地层水,水型及组成与长8地层水类似。配伍实验结果表明:单一水样在不同温度和压力下表现为随着温度、压力的升高,出现CaCO3结垢趋势变大,而BaSO4结垢趋势减弱。注入水与磨碎的岩心混合后生成的白色沉淀物主要为BaSO4和CaCO3。不同比例混配水样实验结果显示,提高注入水的比例可以有效地减少混合液产生的沉淀量。同时,随着注入水的不断注入,岩心渗透率变化较小,表明混配水几乎不会对储层造成伤害。     

确定海洋平台钢裂纹扩展曲线的快速方法

提出了一种确定海洋平台钢裂纹扩展曲线的快速方法。该方法可以综合利用以往的经验数据和当前试验数据确定表面疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线。与传统的只能利用当前试验数据确定表面疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线相比。其可利用信息量大幅度增加,所以在精度相同的情况下,可以节省大量试件;而且在试样数一定的情况下。又可大大提高预测精度。文中还给出了海洋平台钢试验对比实例。     

系缆损伤对绷紧式系泊系统动力响应的影响

探究合成纤维系缆损伤对绷紧式系泊系统响应的影响,具有重要的工程意义。通过高强聚乙烯(HMPE)缆绳损伤动刚度实验,获得其动刚度随损伤的演变规律。在数值计算上,借鉴并合理简化了前人提出的动刚度经验公式,通过处理实验结果确定动刚度经验公式的参数并进行验证。在此基础上,以一座采用高强聚乙烯缆绳为主体系缆的FPSO为例,将所得动刚度经验公式导入系泊分析软件,结合水动力分析,计算得到在相同海洋环境中,系缆发生不同程度损伤时,各系缆张力和平台偏移响应的结果。通过处理、分析所得的计算结果,获得合成纤维缆绳损伤演变对绷紧式系泊系统响应的影响规律,并据此为系缆更换提供了建议。这些成果既有利于把握绷紧式系泊系统的非线性动力响应,也对安全、经济、合理地运用合成纤维系缆具有重要意义。     

Sea-level rise and flooding in coastal riverine flood plains

Abstract

This work presents a method for calculating the contributions of sea-level rise and urban growth to flood risk in coastal flood plains. The method consists of hydraulic/hydrological, urban growth and flood-damage quantification modules. The hydraulic/hydrological module estimates peak annual flows to generate flood stages impacted by sea-level rise within flood plains. A model for urban growth predicts patterns of urbanization within flood plains over the period 2010–2050. The flood-damage quantification module merges flood maps and urbanization predictions to calculate the expected annual flood damage (EAFD) for given scenarios of sea-level rise. The method is illustrated with an application to the Tijuana River of southern California, USA, and northwestern Mexico, where the EAFD is predicted to increase by over US$100 million because of sea-level rise of 0.25–1.0 m and urban growth by the year 2050. It is shown that urbanization plays a principal role in increasing the EAFD in the study area for the range of sea-level rise considered.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Garcia, E.S. and Loáiciga, H.A., 2013. Sea-level rise and flooding in coastal riverine flood plains. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (1), 204–220.     

重金属Cu、Pb对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)卵细胞凋亡及DNA损伤的SCGE试验

采用室内暴露试验方法,以单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)检测,研究了Cu、Pb不同浓度梯度与不同暴露时间联合染毒对泥鳅卵细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,各Cu、Pb浓度组DNA平均迁移长度增加,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).此外,随着Cu、Pb染毒剂量的增加,各试验组DNA的平均迁移长度逐渐增加,在试验浓度梯度范围内(Cu 0.01mg/L+Pb 0.05mg/L、Cu 0.10mg/L+Pb 0.50mg/L、Cu 0.25mg/L+Pb 0.75mg/L),存在较为显著的剂量-效应关系(P＜0.05),但未见明显的时间-效应关系(P＞0.05).Cu、Pb可引起泥鳅卵细胞凋亡和DNA损伤,卵细胞的不同损伤水平可望作为较为理想的水环境基因毒性指标.     

结构损伤初步定位的简便方法

提出将基于动态特性的检测方法与局部物理检测手段相结合的探伤思路。利用动力学方法进行实时监测及损伤区域的粗略定位,再由物理探测方法实现损伤程度和位置的精确判断,从而降低对动态检测方法的精度要求。此外,文中尝试直接由结构的动力响应信号构建能量指标识别结构损伤的方法,不需要进行模态参数识别,算法简单,有望应用于海洋平台、高层建筑等可简化为串联多自由度体系的结构的实时监测和损伤初步定位。     

薄壁结构砼的裂缝与处理

分析了万年闸船闸砼工程结束后薄壁砼结构墙体出现大面积贯通性裂缝的发生原因,提出了修复裂缝的工艺方案,总结了预防此类裂缝发生的有效措施。