航空遥感技术在延吉市建设规划综合调查中的应用

本文介绍应用航空遥感图像对延吉市土地利用现状、城市扩展、绿化状况以及生态系统特点调查结果。指出了各类用地及绿化覆盖方面存在的问题,提出了综合开发利用的建议。     

The covered karst, weathering crust and karst (double-level) planation surface

The thick-bedded and continuous karst crust only formed in the old stage of geomorphic development. The corresponding landscape is the karst planation surface. The karst planation surface consists of the loose weathering crust and the base weathering front below the crust. Its profile structure is similar to “double surface of leveling” model built by Budel. In the limestone area, the base weathering front is the covered karst. From the Tibet Plateau to Yun-Gui (Yunnan-Guizhou) plateau and Xiang-Gui (Hunan-Guangxi) hills, the covered karst is concomitant with the red weathering crust; all of them are the component of the double-level surfaces of karst planation. But, they belong to the different disintegration stages of planation surface. The different subtypes of the covered karst and the red weathering crust indicate the existence of karst planation surface. Thus, they can be made as a reference system when the rising degree and the rising rate of the Tibet Plateau are discussed.     

Detection of concealed Cu–Zn massive sulfide mineralization below eolian sand and a calcrete cover in the eastern part of the Namaqua Metamorphic Province, South Africa

The regolith studied here is located at the defunct Areachap mine and the newly discovered Kantienpan Cu–Zn volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposit, located in the Areachap Group of the eastern part of Mesoproterozoic Namaqua Metamorphic Province. This area is highly prospective for further VHMS discoveries. Paleo and recent weathering of the upper most parts of massive sulfide deposits led to the formation of a gossan zone. Due to semi-arid climatic conditions during the late Cretaceous, affecting the African Land surface, the lowermost units of the Kalahari Group and the underlying floor rocks were calcretized. An approximately 6 m thick calcrete layer formed above the gossan zone and this was later covered by eolian Kalahari sand. Samples were collected from the eolian sand cover in the study areas to determine the best analytical method that would enable recognition of the concealed ore deposits and detect the widest secondary dispersion halo.Mobile metal ions from the finest fraction of the eolian sand samples (< 75 μm) were extracted with a NH₄EDTA (EDTA) solution. The solution was analysed for Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The same grainsize fraction of the original samples was also analysed for comparison purposes by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF).Results indicate that the ore zone in both areas may be recognized by both partial and total analyses of the eolian sand samples collected, although the calcrete layer, below the sand cover, acts as a partial geochemical barrier. The recognition of the ore zone depends on the regolith forming processes and the thickness of the eolian sand cover. In the Areachap area, with a relatively thick sand cover (in excess of 1 m) above the calcrete layer, the detectable geochemical halo is related to the distribution of the mobile metal ions, and partial extraction (EDTA solution) results define a larger dispersion halo than that, that could be detected by total analysis (XRF). Whereas, in the Kantienpan area with a very thin sand cover (< 50 cm) dispersion appears to be related more to the secondary redistribution of gossaniferous clasts released by recent weathering out of the calcrete, than to dispersion of mobile metal ions on the surface of sand particles. In this area, the XRF results reveal a wider dispersion of the elements of interest.     

开挖过程中遮帘式板桩码头结构变形二维数值模拟

借助大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS,以京唐港区32#通用散货泊位为工程实例,根据现场原型观测试验,对代表性断面进行选取、简化,建立相应的二维模型进行数值模拟计算,给出了遮帘式板桩码头开挖过程中变形形式的模拟方法,并将数值模拟结果与现场原型观测实验数据进行了对比。研究结果表明：1在不考虑剩余水头和堆载影响的情况下,数值模拟计算的变形结果与现场原型观测的变形结果比较接近,基本可以反映这种新型结构构件在水平向与竖向的变性特性;2两者对比的结果验证了本文所提出的开挖模拟方法的合理性。     

河流沉积分析在浅覆盖第四纪填图中的应用——以内蒙古河套地区1:50000填图试点为例

随着国家大比例尺地质调查（1:50000）向特殊地质地貌区的开展,已有第四纪填图方法已不能满足覆盖区填图的实际需求,地质工作者面临着第四纪大比例尺填图“填什么、如何填”的问题。选取典型覆盖区——河套平原为研究区,以河流沉积理论为指导,通过钻孔揭露方法,建立了全新世以来的河流沉积体系,并以此作为区域地质图骨架,提出了河道亚相、堤坝亚相、泛滥平原亚相的填图单元,应用“逐步逼近原则”确定地质界线,划分出区内三期河道及其相应的沉积体系,解决了覆盖区第四纪地质调查中填图单元稀少,地质图表达单调的问题,为覆盖区第四纪地质调查提供了一套可行方案。      

西北断陷盆地覆盖区填图方法探索——新疆巴里坤盆地填图实践

西部断陷盆地覆盖区覆盖层与基岩面地质结构及盆山关系是当今覆盖区区域地质调查研究需解决的重点与难点。基于新疆巴里坤山间断陷盆地覆盖区地质填图试点实践,梳理出断陷盆地区地质填图的基本内容和填图目标;强调覆盖区地质调查必须针对需解决的关键地质问题,贯彻地表地质调查-地球物理探测-钻孔验证相结合的基本工作思路;确定出普适性的填图技术路线和围绕填图目标及基本内容的针对性填图方法组合;最后以巴里坤断陷盆地填图为例,从调研目标的确定到物探工作及方法组合优选和钻探布设,系统介绍了巴里坤断陷盆地覆盖区地质填图的方法体系,并最终落实到地质填图成果的体现,成为西部断陷盆地覆盖区地质填图的示范。      

小秦岭北矿带北麓地质特征与找矿模型

通过对比浅部钻孔和深部地球物理资料,进一步研究了小秦岭北矿带尤其是其北麓覆盖地区深部地质特征,分析成矿演化过程,研究小秦岭深部成矿理论。结合变质核杂岩成矿理论,对小秦岭北矿带的拆离断层、后期改造断层、酸性岩体分布进行控制或物探推断,统计分析基岩面及主矿脉埋深数据规律,对酸性岩体的分布进行推断并解释了高温钼矿体的形成原因,对主矿脉深部延伸情况进行了预测。结果表明小秦岭北麓矿脉延展性好但断陷至较深位置（约2000 m以深）,据此建立了该地区地质找矿模型。现阶段小秦岭北矿带北麓开发难度大、形势不容乐观,提出了“地下小秦岭”的战略资源定位,可为小秦岭北矿带深部地质认识提供参考。     

瞬态瑞雷面波勘探中隐伏溶洞的响应特征研究

瞬态瑞雷面波法勘探中,掌握隐伏溶洞的响应特征是进行野外探查分析的基础。结合两类填充状态隐伏溶洞,使用有限差分法进行数值模拟,分别构建不同发育介质溶洞模型。并利用贵广铁路隐伏溶洞探测实例验证探测效果。分析认为:瑞雷面波法对面波相速度差异反映敏感,精度较高,对基岩面和两种类型隐伏溶洞分辨率高;对于填充溶洞,速度响应由溶洞中充填介质的物性决定,一般为低速反映;对于空溶洞,速度较粘土层及基岩均为低速反映;两种溶洞探测面波频散曲线在溶洞位置都会出现较为形象明显的“之”字形拐曲。取得的结果可为工程应用提供借鉴。     

厚黄土覆盖丘陵地区煤田地震勘探方法研究

厚黄土覆盖的丘陵地区,表浅层黄土结构疏松、潜水位深、对地震波吸收强烈,是煤田地震勘探的一大难题。我队在介—平勘探区,通过多种手段进行了攻关研究,采用"两低一深,两大两多,一高及可控"的一套适合这类地区的采集技术和以静校正、叠前面波、线性干扰压制及叠后f-x域去噪为核心的低信噪比资料处理技术,取得了一定成果,具有在类似地区推广使用的价值。     

应用人工干预措施减缓冰川消融试验研究——以达古冰川为例

自20世纪90年代以来,受全球气候变暖的影响,中国冰川呈现全面、加速退缩的趋势。冰川变化引发的水资源时空分布和水循环过程的变化无疑将给中国西部,尤其是西北干旱区的社会经济发展带来深刻影响。为了减缓冰川消融速率,提高中国适应气候变暖的能力,开展了一系列人工减缓冰川消融试验研究。具体是在2020年8月5日—10月17日,以达古17号冰川为研究标靶,进行人工干预减缓冰川消融试验,即在冰川表面覆盖光热阻隔物——土工织物,并在试验期间,观测了试验区域与非试验区域的冰川消融情况。结果表明：试验期内,试验区的冰川消融速率为0.011 m w.e.?d^-1,非试验区冰川消融速率为0.017 m w.e.?d^-1,试验区冰川消融速率明显低于非试验区;500 m²的土工织物使达古冰川试验区域减少了204 m³ w.e.的冰川消融,使得总消融量减少了34%;覆盖光热阻隔物虽能有效减缓冰川消融过程,但受成本、环境及人力等因素制约,仅可以向西北部小冰川或冰川旅游景点推广。本次人工干预减缓冰川消融试验在一定程度上填补了中国应对冰川消融工程措施方面的空白,为以后进行工程类减缓冰川消融的试验奠定了基础,但是目前还处于初步研究阶段,需要更多的控制性试验来验证其在未来更大的时空尺度上的有效性。