Coupling numerical simulation with remotely sensed information for the study of frozen soil dynamics

The acquisition of spatial-temporal information of frozen soil is fundamental for the study of frozen soil dynamics and its feedback to climate change in cold regions. With advancement of remote sensing and better understanding of frozen soil dynamics, discrimination of freeze and thaw status of surface soil based on passive microwave remote sensing and numerical simulation of frozen soil processes under water and heat transfer principles provides valuable means for regional and global frozen soil dynamic monitoring and systematic spatial-temporal responses to global change. However, as an important data source of frozen soil processes, remotely sensed information has not yet been fully utilized in the numerical simulation of frozen soil processes. Although great progress has been made in remote sensing and frozen soil physics, yet few frozen soil research has been done on the application of remotely sensed information in association with the numerical model for frozen soil process studies. In the present study, a distributed numerical model for frozen soil dynamic studies based on coupled water-heat transferring theory in association with remotely sensed frozen soil datasets was developed. In order to reduce the uncertainty of the simulation, the remotely sensed frozen soil information was used to monitor and modify relevant parameters in the process of model simulation. The remotely sensed information and numerically simulated spatial-temporal frozen soil processes were validated by in-situ field observations in cold regions near the town of Naqu on the East-Central Tibetan Plateau. The results suggest that the overall accuracy of the algorithm for discriminating freeze and thaw status of surface soil based on passive microwave remote sensing was more than 95%. These results provided an accurate initial freeze and thaw status of surface soil for coupling and calibrating the numerical model of this study. The numerically simulated frozen soil processes demonstrated good performance of the distributed numerical model based on the coupled water-heat transferring theory. The relatively larger uncertainties of the numerical model were found in alternating periods between freezing and thawing of surface soil. The average accuracy increased by about 5% after integrating remotely sensed information on the surface soil. The simulation accuracy was significantly improved, especially in transition periods between freezing and thawing of the surface soil.     

Evaluating techniques for mapping island vegetation from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images: Pixel classification,visual interpretation and machine learning approaches

We evaluate three approaches to mapping vegetation using images collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to monitor rehabilitation activities in the Five Islands Nature Reserve, Wollongong (Australia). Between April 2017 and July 2018, four aerial surveys of Big Island were undertaken to map changes to island vegetation following helicopter herbicide sprays to eradicate weeds, including the creeper Coastal Morning Glory (Ipomoea cairica) and Kikuyu Grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). The spraying was followed by a large scale planting campaign to introduce native plants, such as tussocks of Spiny-headed Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia). Three approaches to mapping vegetation were evaluated, including: (i) a pixel-based image classification algorithm applied to the composite spectral wavebands of the images collected, (ii) manual digitisation of vegetation directly from images based on visual interpretation, and (iii) the application of a machine learning algorithm, LeNet, based on a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) for detecting planted Lomandra tussocks. The uncertainty of each approach was assessed via comparison against an independently collected field dataset. Each of the vegetation mapping approaches had a comparable accuracy; for a selected weed management and planting area, the overall accuracies were 82 %, 91 % and 85 % respectively for the pixel based image classification, the visual interpretation / digitisation and the CNN machine learning algorithm. At the scale of the whole island, statistically significant differences in the performance of the three approaches to mapping Lomandra plants were detected via ANOVA. The manual digitisation took a longer time to perform than others. The three approaches resulted in markedly different vegetation maps characterised by different digital data formats, which offered fundamentally different types of information on vegetation character. We draw attention to the need to consider how different digital map products will be used for vegetation management (e.g. monitoring the health individual species or a broader profile of the community). Where individual plants are to be monitored over time, a feature-based approach that represents plants as vector points is appropriate. The CNN approach emerged as a promising technique in this regard as it leveraged spatial information from the UAV images within the architecture of the learning framework by enforcing a local connectivity pattern between neurons of adjacent layers to incorporate the spatial relationships between features that comprised the shape of the Lomandra tussocks detected.     

贵州省生态环境和交通发展耦合协调研究

为探究贵州省交通发展水平与生态环境质量的耦合协调关系,以全省9个市(州)为研究对象,基于贵州省统计年鉴、国民经济和社会发展统计公报、高分系列卫星遥感影像等多元数据与GIS空间分析方法,定量分析与评价了2015年与2020年各市(州)的交通发展水平与生态环境质量以及二者之间的耦合协调关系。结果表明：(1)贵州省生态环境质量呈现下降趋势,空间分布特征从东北高西北低向南高北低、东高西低转变;(2)交通发展水平呈现上升趋势,空间分布由东高西低向中心—外围的结构特征转变;(3)耦合协调度的空间分布变化显著,由东部与北部高、西部低转变为中轴高两侧低。为保障贵州省生态环境与交通建设的持续协调发展,应加强生态环境保护,提高区域生态环境质量,同时根据各市(州)实际情况,进一步优化交通基础设施空间布局。     

青藏铁路填土路基热-力耦合离散元研究

多年冻土是含有冰的特殊土体,在自然环境变化及工程扰动下易发生冻胀融沉变形,严重威胁着青藏高原工程建筑物的安全稳定,特别对青藏铁路的畅通运营提出了严峻挑战.以青藏铁路五道梁地区路基断面为研究对象,采用颗粒离散单元法,通过建立热-力离散元计算模型,对路基的温度场和变形进行了计算和预测.结果表明:离散单元法克服了有限元方法无...     

区域可持续发展能力的能值与(火用)耦合分析模型构建

可持续发展能力评价方法是识别人地协同规律、支撑科学决策的重要工具和热点需求。通过文献回顾与理论分析框架构建,耦合能值及?方法,提出自组织能力指数（SO）、生态压力指数（EP）、可持续发展能力指数（SC）构成的,基于热力学理论的可持续发展能力分析模型,利用文献荟萃法筛选17个典型发达国家1985年状态值计算SO与EP阈值,划分了4个阶段。利用中美两国1985-2015年特征对比验证,结果显示：① 2005年以前中国属“低自组织能力、低生态压力”阶段,之后进入“低自组织能力、高生态压力”阶段,存在低生态效率、规模扩张驱动特征;美国一直属“高自组织能力、高生态压力”阶段,存在高生态效率驱动、经济与生态脱钩特征,与全球生态足迹网络和世界自然基金会等的研究结果一致,模型具有较好适应性和可靠性。② 模型利用“获得?量/输入能值量”表达经济社会生态效率、“经济社会?损耗量/生态系统年产?量”表达生态压力,连接了经济社会对生态基底的熵化路径,可识别区域所处可持续发展阶段、分析水平变化和驱动因素。③ 模型以人类与生态并重的视角,从深度上反映经济社会的生态效率、从广度上评价生态空间被占用比例,具有宏观规模与微观效率分析相结合的优势,是对经典方法的补充。     

旅游地快速交通优势度与旅游流强度的空间耦合分析

以典型旅游地—云南省为研究案例,以高德交通大数据、统计数据等多源数据为基础,依据“路网及站点密度+通行规模+通行功能+区位优势度+换乘便捷度”的思路,构建快速交通优势度模型;基于旅游流“规模→消费→效益→效应”的历时性维度构建旅游流强度模型;采用加权TOPSIS法对二者评价值进行测算,并运用耦合四象限模型对两者耦合类型进行划分。结果发现：① 快速交通与旅游流耦合存在显著空间差异性。昆明、红河和丽江呈现良性耦合协调,耦合类型表现为“高旅游流-高快速交通优势”,而旅游化水平低、远离交通枢纽和主要交通干线的边缘地区,旅游流与快速交通耦合效应则表现为“低旅游流-低快速交通优势”。② 快速交通优势度与旅游流强度呈正相关关系,不同快速交通方式与旅游流强度的拟合优度表现为“航空运输>高速公路>高速铁路”的特征。③ 云南省快速交通优势度与旅游流强度耦合水平总体偏低,快速交通发展的主导模式为协调互补模式,且缘于快速交通的“时间-空间收敛”效应和“组织-空间协同”效应,快速交通组合类型多样化与旅游流强度存在正相关关系。不同快速交通发展模式对旅游流强度的贡献效应表现出“多元共生模式>协调互补模式>单类孤立模式>低速交通维持模式”的特征。     

山区农村土地利用转型与小农经济变迁耦合机理

通过山区土地利用转型与小农经济变迁的耦合关系分析,可以揭示山区人地关系的变化过程和机理。随着工业化、城镇化的快速推进,山区农村人地关系发生深刻变化,小农经济变迁驱动土地利用转型,土地利用转型进一步促进小农经济变迁。在阐述土地利用转型及小农经济变迁内涵和特征基础上,结合实证探讨二者间的耦合机理,以期为乡村振兴战略的实施提供理论支撑和现实参考。研究表明：① 山区农村土地利用转型与小农经济变迁相互影响,耦合演进。② 山区农村土地利用转型重点体现在农村宅基地、耕地及林地三类用地上。③ 中国小农经济已发生四次变迁,而山区小农经济变迁在第四次中表现较为明显,其阶段特征主要为农村人口向城镇迁移,土地流转频繁,土地规模经营趋势增强。④ 山区小农经济变迁引发耕地空间形态及功能转型,山区耕地转型进一步促进小农经济变迁。⑤ 山区小农经济变迁及农户生计策略非农化转变促使农户对宅基地结构及功能的需求发生变化;闲置废弃宅基地综合整治可显化农村土地资产价值,增加农民土地财产性收入,促进小农经济变迁。⑥ 通过云南省砚山县耕地利用转型案例剖析,验证了本文提出的山区农村土地利用转型与小农经济变迁的耦合机理。     

产业集聚与城镇空间格局的耦合关系及时空演化——以长三角区域为例

产业集聚与城镇空间格局的变动之间存在着密切的联系。针对两者之间的耦合关系及时空演化问题,构建区域产业集聚与城镇空间格局演化综合评价指标,并利用1990—2016年长三角区域16个城市的统计数据,基于面板回归模型和空间重心模型探究两系统之间演化的互动作用关系和时空演化。结果表明：长三角区域的产业集聚与城镇空间格局间存在较显著的耦合关系;长三角区域各市区的耦合协调度及空间匹配度均稳步提升,但长三角区域耦合协调发展程度不够均衡,长三角南部的耦合协调的发展程度稍弱于长三角区域北部的发展;在近几十年的发展中,长三角北部地区逐渐形成以上海-南京为轴线的耦合协调发展区域,整个长三角区域的耦合协调则呈现“Z”字形特征。     

东北三省城市土地利用效益评价及耦合协调关系研究

在阐述城市土地利用效益系统耦合协调性内涵及其交互作用机理的基础上,构建综合评价指标体系,运用均方差决策法、耦合协调度模型,对东北三省2003~2015年城市土地利用综合效益及其主成分间耦合协调关系进行测度,并分析其时空演化过程。研究认为：① 城市土地利用综合效益表现出随时间“先升后降”的特征,区内三省间差异明显,中心和门户城市长期处于较高水平。② 城市土地利用经济效益亦存在“先升后降”的时序变化特征,空间上表现为“南高北低”,低值区范围缩减明显;社会效益差异不显著,在南北方向上表现出“凸”字型分布特征;区域生态环境效益整体较高,高值区由集中趋向分散。③ 城市土地利用经济、社会、生态环境效益间耦合协调关系在各时间节点均表现为失调,且以中度失调为主,但中心城市和门户城市的三效益耦合协调关系相对较好,向协调方向发展,哈长与辽中南城市群地区协调性优于其他区域,吉林省与辽宁省东部的部分城市协调关系趋向恶化。④ 城市土地利用效益间关系失调主要受复合因素的作用,经济效益滞后是制约土地利用效益耦合协调关系提升的主因,生态环境效益滞后不是限制土地利用效益耦合协调性提升的主要因素。