“Transverse Action” – A model benchmark exercise for numerical analysis of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone hydromechanical response to excavation operations

The Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) is considered as a potential geological formation to host an industrial radioactive waste repository in France. A detailed understanding of the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior of the COx is a key issue for design of different repository structures and the safety calculations of the project. More particularly, numerical modeling of induced fracture networks around drifts excavated at the main level of the Andra’s Meuse/Haut-Marne Underground Research Laboratory (M/HM URL) and short and long term behavior of the COx around these drifts are of great interest. Several constitutive models have been developed/used in the framework of the R&D and simulation programs of Andra. A model benchmark exercise has been launched since 2012 to provide an overall view of the developed models regarding the in situ observations. In this view, two series of test cases, respectively at material point scale and at drift excavation scale are defined. Different kinds of constitutive models based on the elasto-visco-plasticity concept, continuum damage mechanics, the rigid block spring method and two-scale computational homogenized model (CHM) are used within this exercise. The obtained results show that accounting for material anisotropy and strain localization treatment techniques can improve the obtained results when elasto-visco-plastic models are used. Damage mechanics based approaches and methods accounting for discontinuities through discrete elements provide also interesting insights especially when fracturing processes must be modeled. However, more efforts are necessary to improve the robustness of these kinds of approaches in the complex context of COx response to excavation works.     

Isogeometric analysis of THM coupled processes in ground freezing

An isogeometric analysis (IGA) based numerical model is presented for simulation of thermo-hydro-mechanically (THM) coupled processes in ground freezing. The momentum, mass and energy conservation equations are derived based on porous media theory. The governing equations are supplemented by a saturation curve, a hydraulic conductivity model and constitutive equations. Variational and Galerkin formulation results in a highly nonlinear system of equations, which are solved using Newton-Raphson iteration. Numerical examples on isothermal consolidation in plane strain, one-dimensional freezing and heave due to a chilled pipeline are presented. Reasonably good agreements were observed between the IGA based heave simulations and experimental results.     

中国北方晚中生代陆相盆地红-黑岩系耦合产出对砂岩型铀矿成矿环境的制约

为研究中国北方陆相盆地红层-黑色岩系对砂岩型铀成矿的制约,文章研究了国内外红-黑岩系与砂岩型铀矿赋存岩层的时空关系,筛选了10万余m岩心钻探资料,选择准噶尔、鄂尔多斯和松辽盆地这3个典型产铀盆地,通过编制盆地钻孔柱状图、典型地区连井剖面图及关键岩层的地球化学测试等方法,对红-黑岩系和砂岩型铀矿的赋存岩层进行了垂向、横向上综合分析与对比。研究发现:北方陆相盆地自西向东铀矿赋存地层的时代由中侏罗世过渡到晚白垩世;晚中生代至少存在6次大规模的富氧红层沉积事件:Ⅰ中侏罗世—晚侏罗世早期(BathonianOxfordian),Ⅱ早白垩世早中期(Berriasian-Barremian),Ⅲ早白垩世中期(Barremian),Ⅳ晚白垩世早期(Cenomanian),Ⅴ晚白垩世中期(Coniacian)和Ⅵ晚白垩世晚期(Campanian)。其中第Ⅰ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ期红层之下沉积了时代相近的黑色层,与之构成"红-黑岩系"的沉积结构,是北方砂岩型铀成矿的3个重要层位。典型盆地内地球化学表明,红层与黑色层的B、Sr和Cu元素含量及Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)、B/Ga、Sr/Cu和FeO/MnO比值具有明显的差异,结合黑色岩层中草莓状黄铁矿、碳屑、油斑和红层中碳酸盐岩的发育,认为红层为相对较强氧化环境,黑色层为相对较还原环境。连井剖面资料显示红层、黑色层与砂岩型铀矿空间关系密切,铀矿多产于红层与黑色层之间过渡带上,呈板状矿体赋存于灰色、绿灰色砂岩和细砂岩中。一般红层与黑色层垂向距离超过500 m不利于成矿。晚中生代陆相盆地内耦合产出的黑色岩系和红色岩系是古沉积环境由还原向氧化转变形成的垂向分带,前者为铀矿物质沉淀提供了"障",后者为表生流体溶解铀矿提供了"场"。文章初步提出了红-黑岩系垂向环境变化制约着北方陆相盆地砂岩型铀大规模成矿作用的新认识。这些认识不仅对砂岩型铀矿成矿环境、成矿规律及成矿模式研究具有重要意义,更对目前正在开展的砂岩型铀矿勘查工作具有实践指导意义。     

浙江省城市化和城市土地集约利用的时空耦合关系

基于城市化与城市土地集约利用的综合评价指标体系,对浙江省城市化水平和城市土地集约利用进行测度,然后构建城市化水平和城市土地集约利用度的耦合协调发展度模型,采用ArcGIS10.2进行时空差异分析。结果表明:各个城市的城市化和城市土地集约利用耦合协调度都在逐年优化,协调水平较好,城市发展呈现上升态势;两者耦合协调发展水平空间差异显著,呈现出片状分区集聚的特征。北部耦合协调度高,处于协调期,南部呈东西分化状态,其中西部衢州、丽水两市处于拮抗期,东部城市大都处于磨合期。     

山东胶东矿集区中生代构造事件与金矿成矿作用

中生代胶东地区有2次重要的碰撞造山事件,印支造山作用主要表现为扬子板块向华北板块俯冲,形成苏鲁高压—超高压变质带,同造山花岗岩及后造山高碱正长岩;燕山造山作用的大陆动力学环境起源于中亚-特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转化和太平洋板块的俯冲,在胶东地区表现为3幕4期构造岩浆事件并以3次造山和3次伸展为特征。胶东地区中生代构造岩浆沉积成矿事件序列的时空演化也受控于这一地质作用过程,尤其是侏罗纪至白垩纪这一阶段,是胶东地区构造活动、岩浆侵入、地层沉积、火山喷发和成矿作用爆发时期,是挤压、伸展交互转化时期。该文基于对中生代构造事件的研究,厘定了构造与金矿成矿作用在空间上和时间上的高度耦合性。研究发现胶东地区在侏罗纪至白垩纪一阶段构造活动由早到晚经历了4期6阶段挤压伸展过程,第一期近S—N向挤压及NW—SE向挤压,第二期早阶段NE—SW向挤压晚阶段NE—SW向引张,第三期NW向引张,第四期近E—W向挤压及近S—N向引张,与构造—热事件相一致;在金矿成矿作用方面,表现为3期金矿成矿作用,对应于由挤压向伸展转变阶段的成矿作用过程,即第一幕伸展后的早期金矿成矿作用、第二幕伸展后的金矿主成矿期和第三幕伸展后的叠加金矿成矿作用。这种挤压—伸展构造活动的相互转化互为因果,挤压为伸展提供了条件,伸展为金矿的沉淀提供了空间,也为下一次的挤压提供了前提,并伴随着与岩浆—构造事件紧密相关的不同的成矿作用,构成了挤压—伸展的构造—岩浆—成矿作用方式,这是胶东地区形成大型、超大型金矿的动力学条件。     

磁暴环电流衰减率对磁层能量状态的影响

赤道环电流是引起磁暴扰动的主要电流体系,环电流衰减速率极大地影响着磁层能量收支估计和磁暴预报.本文提出评价环电流衰减率的两条新指标;（1）E指标（磁暴事件总能量收支平衡指标）,即磁暴全过程的积分能量收支平衡;（2）L指标（长期总能量收支平衡指标）,即几年、十几年或更长时段内积分能量收支平衡.我们用1998~2003年44个磁暴事件以及第23太阳周（1998~2008年）11年的连续资料,分别检验了几类衰减率模型对上述两条指标符合的情况.结果表明,PA1978和XD2010两类模型对E指标符合得最好,即无论磁暴强弱,它们均显示出事件总能量收支平衡的基本特征;同时,这两类模型与L指标符合得也最好,即它们的长期积分能量基本平衡,而且磁暴期间的能量消耗表现出明显增强的重要特征.     

Coupling mechanisms in double sandbar systems. Part 2: impact on alongshore variability of inner‐bar rip channels

Double sandbar systems are common morphological features along sandy, wave‐dominated, micro‐ to meso‐tidal coastlines. In the companion paper, we demonstrated how various alongshore inner‐bar rip‐channel patterns can develop through morphological coupling to an alongshore‐variable outer bar. The simulated coupling patterns are, however, scarcely observed in the field. Instead, inner‐bar rip channels more often possess remarkably smaller and more variable alongshore length scales, suggesting that coupling mechanisms do not play a substantial role in the overall double‐sandbar dynamics. Here we use a numerical model to show that the relative importance of self‐organization and morphological coupling changes in favour of the latter with an increase in waterdepth variability along the outer‐bar crest. Furthermore, we find that the typical alongshore variability in inner‐bar rip‐channel scale is indicative of a mixture of self‐organization and morphological coupling rather than self‐organization alone. Morphological coupling may thus be more important to understanding and predicting the evolution of inner‐bar rip channels than previously envisaged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

地下爆炸地震耦合效应的静态分析

首先修正了地下爆炸地震耦合效应的准静态理论,然后利用改进之后的理论对剪切模量、材料强度、围压以及孔隙率不同的介质中地下爆炸的震源强度进行了分析.分析结果表明,对于密实硬岩介质来说,在其它条件不变的情况下,介质的剪切模量越大,震源强度越低;介质的强度越大,震源强度越低;震源强度随着埋深的增加而降低.而干燥多孔介质中的干孔隙率也对震源强度有重要影响.     

边坡锚固工程中广义Burgers模型的应用研究

流变是岩土材料的基本力学特性,流变效应是影响边坡变形及稳定性的重要因素。边坡锚固工程中,坡体介质应力调整和锚固力松弛直接影响加固坡体工程的稳定性,对工程安全性起着制约作用。考虑到坡体蠕变影响与锚固应力松弛的相互作用,结合工程实践,采用弹簧和Burgers并联模型进行锚索加固坡体的耦合蠕变分析,探讨其理论模型,获得了蠕变耦合模型的黏弹性流变参数。流变模型与试验结果的比较,显示了所建模型的正确性与合理性。     

数字图像技术在岩石细观力学研究中的应用

岩石内部的细观组成和结构决定了其在外力作用下的应力-应变状态,进而控制了其宏观力学响应和破坏机制。数字图像处理技术作为一种材料细观尺度上的空间结构精确测量和数字表述手段,已广泛应用于土、岩石及混凝土的细观结构定量分析中。应用数字图像处理进行的岩石细观力学研究是对岩石力学研究方法的革新。现阶段主要研究内容包括：岩石裂隙隙宽的非接触测量,数字表述岩石结构的非均匀性,进行岩石细观力学行为分析,将提取的岩石数字特征值与相应的岩石物性结合以实现岩石流-固耦合研究,建立基于数字图像技术的岩石细观力学数值模拟方法。在研究相关文献的基础上,对数字图像技术在岩石细观力学定量研究中的成果进行客观评述,探讨各种方法的优缺点,分析展望数字图像技术在岩石细观研究领域中的应用前景。