西域砾岩宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏定年探索

西域砾岩是分布于青藏高原北缘天山、昆仑山一带的一套晚新生代砾石堆积地层, 获知其可靠的年代信息对于理解高原隆升及地貌演化过程尤为关键。宇宙成因核素 26Al/10Be埋藏测年是近年来发展起来的同位素测年新技术。本文对帕米尔高原西昆仑山山前的两个西域砾岩剖面采集的砾石样品进行了 26Al/10Be埋藏测年分析。简单快速埋藏模式计算获得亚马勒剖面西域砾岩下部混合砾石样品的埋藏年龄>3.5Ma, 对该剖面西域砾岩上部5个样品加权平均得到的年龄为2.11+0.60/-0.46Ma; 另一处奥依塔克西域砾岩生长地层底部砾石样品的埋藏年龄在0.46~7.12Ma。研究表明, 研究区的西域砾岩堆积具有穿时性。本文是 26Al/10Be埋藏测年方法应用于西域砾岩年代学研究的一次有益探索和尝试, 并对在西域砾岩 26Al/10Be埋藏测年中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

白龙江中游凤安山滑坡26Al暴露年代研究

准确地重建滑坡发生年代和复活期次是滑坡灾害风险评估与管理的关键步骤之一。近年来,随着AMS技术的发展,宇宙成因核素测年逐渐成为滑坡年代测定的有效手段之一。以甘肃省东南部白龙江中游的凤安山滑坡作为研究对象,在该滑坡后壁和其下方的大石块上各采集了1个宇生核素暴露年代样品,在综合考虑了遮蔽因子以及对该区域的侵蚀速率估算的基础上,研究了该滑坡的宇生核素26Al暴露年代。结果显示:该滑坡分别大约在0.72~0.75 ka和2.26~2.65 ka左右发生过,后者发生时间与该区公元前186年的地震型滑坡发生时间一致;对于年代越老的样品,侵蚀速率对宇生核素测年的年代结果影响越大。     

宇生核素深度剖面暴露测年的原理与应用

宇生核素暴露测年技术是目前第四纪地貌年代测定最常用的方法之一,由于难以定量化继承性核素以及侵蚀对样品暴露年代的影响（通常假设继承性和侵蚀的影响为0）,其测年结果难以反映地貌的真实暴露年代。通过测定地貌剖面不同深度样品的宇生核素浓度,建立"宇生核素浓度-深度"剖面曲线,可同时定量化研究地貌体的暴露年龄、继承性宇生核素浓度以及侵蚀速率,有效地弥补了宇生核素暴露测年中继承性核素以及侵蚀速率不确定性的缺陷。基于蒙特卡洛方法的宇生核素深度剖面暴露测年模型（简称蒙特卡洛深度剖面模型）是最常用的计算模式之一,然而,国内关于该方法的原理及其应用研究相对较少,大大限制了该方法的广泛使用。本文详细阐述了蒙特卡洛深度剖面模型的原理及其在冰川地貌、河流阶地、冲洪积扇等地貌测年中的应用。此外,介绍了深度剖面模型的复现、非稳态模型、线性反演模型等其他几种计算模式并进一步探讨了蒙特卡洛深度剖面模型暴露测年技术的野外采样方法,以使其能够广泛应用于第四纪地貌学和年代学研究中。     

Quantifying effects of deep and near‐surface chemical erosion on cosmogenic nuclides in soils,saprolite, and sediment

Cosmogenic nuclides in rock, soil, and sediment are routinely used to measure denudation rates of catchments and hillslopes. Although it has been shown that these measurements are prone to biases due to chemical erosion in regolith, most studies of cosmogenic nuclides have ignored this potential source of error. Here we quantify the extent to which overlooking effects of chemical erosion introduces bias in interpreting denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides. We consider two end‐member effects: one due to weathering near the surface and the other due to weathering at depth. Near the surface, chemical erosion influences nuclide concentrations in host minerals by enriching (or depleting) them relative to other more (or less) soluble minerals. This increases (or decreases) their residence times relative to the regolith as a whole. At depth, where minerals are shielded from cosmic radiation, chemical erosion causes denudation without influencing cosmogenic nuclide buildup. If this effect is ignored, denudation rates inferred from cosmogenic nuclides will be too low. We derive a general expression, termed the ‘chemical erosion factor’, or CEF, which corrects for biases introduced by both deep and near‐surface chemical erosion in regolith. The CEF differs from the ‘quartz enrichment factor’ of previous work in that it can also be applied to relatively soluble minerals, such as olivine. Using data from diverse climatic settings, we calculate CEFs ranging from 1.03 to 1.87 for cosmogenic nuclides in quartz. This implies that ignoring chemical erosion can lead to errors of close to 100% in intensely weathered regolith. CEF is strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation across our sites, reflecting climatic influence on chemical weathering. Our results indicate that quantifying CEFs is crucial in cosmogenic nuclide studies of landscapes where chemical erosion accounts for a significant fraction of the overall denudation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of ozone air pollution on crop pollinators and pollination

Human driven environmental changes increase the concentrations of polluting reactive compounds in the troposphere, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. These changes lead to biodiversity losses and alter plant physiology and plant-pollinator interactions, essential for pollination services, with potential consequences for agricultural production. Here we used 133 unique sampling events from NW Europe to investigate how air pollution (ozone and nitrogen oxides) and other sources of nitrogen is related to pollinator visitation rate and their contribution to agricultural production, also considering possible interactive effects with landscape quality and pesticide input. We showed that ozone modulates the effect of pesticide exposure and temperature on crop pollinators, increasing the probability of negative impacts on crop pollination. Indeed, when ozone levels are highest, the strength of the effect of pesticide on pollinators is more than double then when ozone levels are intermediate. This indicates that air pollution should be considered in management plans and policies aiming to safeguard biodiversity and promote more sustainable food production practices.     

“一带一路”区域近57 a干旱事件及其人口暴露度特征

基于东英吉利大学气候研究所全球逐月降水与潜在蒸散发格点数据集,以标准化降水蒸散指数为干旱指标,采用改进的强度—面积—持续时间极端事件识别方法,对“一带一路”区域干旱事件及其人口暴露度特征进行研究。结果表明：(1)1960—2016年“一带一路”区域呈现变干趋势,至1992年有所缓解,空间上显著干旱区域主要分布在沙特阿拉伯、伊朗、蒙古、中国等。(2)区域年均发生干旱事件89次,以持续1—2个月干旱事件为主,占总事件频次的82%;年均总影响面积约0.92×10⁸ km²,以持续3—5个月的干旱事件影响面积最大,约占年均总影响面积的44.8%;干旱事件最强中心强度均达到极端干旱强度。(3)持续3—5和6—8个月干旱事件频次、影响面积和事件最强中心强度均呈增加趋势,需引起重视。(4)区域干旱事件的人口暴露度多年均值为5.43亿人,不同持续时间干旱事件的人口暴露度均显著增加,尤其2000年以后,年均人口暴露度达7.88亿人,较多年均值高出45%。     

COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES EXPOSURE DATING FOR BEDROCK FAULT SCARP: RECONSTRUCTING THE PALEOEARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE

The bedrock scarps are believed to have recorded the continuous information on displacement accumulation and sequence of large earthquakes. The occurrence timing of large earthquakes is believed to be correlated positively with the exposure duration of bedrock fault surfaces. Accordingly, cosmogenic nuclides concentration determined for the bedrock footwall can offer their times, ages, and slip over long time. In general, multiple sites of fault scarps along one or even more faults are selected to carry out cosmogenic nuclide dating in an attempt to derive the temporal and spatial pattern of fault activity. This may contribute to explore whether earthquake occurrence exhibits any regularity and predict the timing and magnitude of strong earthquakes in the near future. Cosmogenic nuclide ³⁶ Cl dating is widely applied to fault scarp of limestone, and the height of fault scarp can reach as high as 15~20m. It is strongly suggested to make sure the bedrock scarp is exhumed by large earthquake events instead of geomorphic processes, based on field observation, and data acquired by terrestrial LiDAR and ground penetration radar (GPR). In addition, it is better for the fault surface to be straight and fresh with striations indicating recent fault movement. A series of bedrock samples are collected from the footwall in parallel to the direction of fault movement both above and below the colluvium, and each of them is~15cm long,~10cm wide, and~3cm thick. The concentrations of both cosmogenic nuclide ³⁶ Cl and REE-Y determined from these samples vary with the heights in parallel to fault scarps. Accordingly, we identify the times of past large earthquakes, model the profile of ³⁶ Cl concentration to seek the most realistic one, and determine the ages and slip of each earthquake event with the errors. In general, the errors for the numbers, ages, and slips of past earthquake events are ±1-2, no more than ±0.5-1.0ka, and ±0.25m, respectively.     

面向地震设防风险的未来中国城乡人口情景及暴露特征

中国城镇和乡村住房建筑地震设防水平差距较大,暴露在低设防农村与高密集城镇下的人口因此面临较高的地震风险,面向地震设防风险分析未来城乡人口及暴露特征具有重要意义。本文基于地震烈度区划图和人口-发展-环境（PDE）模型,模拟分析了5种共享社会经济路径（SSPs）情景下的未来城乡人口地震灾害时空暴露。结果表明：(1)除SSP3下城镇人口数量持续增加外,其他SSP情景下各地区城镇人口数量均先增后降,农村人口数量受城镇化影响呈持续下降趋势;(2)城镇与农村地震灾害高、较高人口暴露等级空间分布相似,集中在华北、西南与东部沿海地区;(3)相较于有设防的城镇地区,无设防农村地震人口暴露等级偏高,高暴露、较高暴露等级的数量偏多,未来城镇人口暴露等级有所上升,而农村人口暴露等级逐渐降低。     

Detection of nonylphenol and persistent organic pollutants in fish from the North Pacific Central Gyre

Despite scientific and public concern, research on food web contamination from chemicals in plastic is limited, and distinguishing plastic sources from prey remains a challenge. We analyzed juvenile yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) from the North Pacific Central Gyre for plastic ingestion and tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and nonionic surfactants to investigate potential contamination from plastic exposure. Ingestion of synthetic debris occurred in ∼10% of the sample population. PCBs and DDTs were 352 ± 240 (mean ± SD) and 1425 ± 1118 ng/g lw, respectively. PBDEs were 9.08 ± 10.6 ng/g lw, with BDEs-47, 99, and 209 representing 90% of PBDEs. Nonylphenol (NP) was detected in one-third of the yellowtail with a mean of 52.8 ± 88.5 ng/g ww overall and 167 ± 72.3 ng/g ww excluding non-detects. Because environmental NP is strongly associated with wastewater treatment effluents, long-range transport is unlikely, and NP was previously measured in gyre plastic, we concluded that plastic-mediated exposure best explained our findings of NP in yellowtail.     

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