武威地电台映震能力讨论

本文研究了武威地电台周围１５０ｋｍ范围内发生的景泰６．２、门源６．４、天祝西４．７、旦马５．６、雅布赖４．７级地震和共和７．０级地震（△＝２７０ｋｍ）该台地电阻率（ρｓ）变化，结果显示：对于前４次地震，该台ＥＷ道测值出现１０＾－１－１０＾－２量级的ρｓ短临异常，共和和雅布赖地震前后观测到１０＾－１量级的ρｓ短期下降异常。作者研究认为，ρｓ异常可以是该台ＥＷ道探测范围内介质不完整，孕震后期震源力学过     

Can severely fragmented patches of riparian vegetation still be important for arid-land bird diversity?

The vegetation of riparian habitats is often distinct from that of the surrounding landscape, thus representing unique habitat for a variety of biota. Although highly mobile, birds often exhibit distinct species assemblages associated with habitat. Therefore, degradation or removal of riparian habitat, particularly in arid environments, may threaten bird diversity. Along the Vaal River, South Africa, mining and agriculture have reduced natural riparian habitat to ca. 9% of its former extent in the Northern Cape Province. We surveyed bird assemblages within intact riparian, savanna and bush-thickened habitats along the Vaal River to ascertain their importance to bird diversity. Avian abundance and species richness did not differ between the three habitats. Species composition of riparian bird assemblages was significantly different to that of savanna and bush-thickened habitats, however, which were not significantly different from each other, and more species were characteristic of riparian habitat (17 species) than bush-thickened (seven species) or savanna (one species) habitats. Of three species reaching the south-western limit of their African distribution, all occurred in riparian habitat. Thus, despite its fragmented nature, the riparian vegetation on the Vaal still supports an important component of avian diversity, and a landscape-level approach is required to manage this relatively rich, arid-land, river.     

1: Subduction, slab detachment and mineralization: The Neogene in the Apuseni Mountains and Carpathians

The Inner Carpathians comprise several distinct Neogene late-stage orogenic Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag–Au ore districts. The mineral deposits in these districts are closely related to volcanic and subvolcanic rocks, and represent mainly porphyry and epithermal vein deposits, which formed within short periods of time in each district. Here, we discuss possible geodynamic and structural controls that suggest why some of the Neogene volcanic districts within the Carpathians comprise abundant mineralization, while others are barren. The Neogene period has been characterized by an overall geodynamic regime of subduction, where primary roll-back of the subducted slab and secondary phenomena, like slab break-off and the development of slab windows, could have contributed to the evolution, location and type of volcanic activity. Structural features developing in the overlying lithosphere and visible in the Carpathian crust, such as transtensional wrench corridors, block rotation and relay structures due to extrusion tectonics, have probably acted in focusing hydrothermal activity. As a result of particular events in the geodynamic evolution and the development of specific structural features, mineralization formed during fluid channelling within transtensional wrench settings and during periods of extension related to block rotation.In the Slovakian ore district of the Western Carpathians, Neogene volcanism and associated mineralization were localized by sinistral, NE-trending wrench corridors, which formed part of the extruding Alcapa block. The Baia Mare ore district, in the Eastern Carpathians, reflects a transtensional wrench setting on distributed oversteps close to the termination of the Dragos Voda fault. There, mineralization was spatially controlled by the transtensional Dragos Voda master fault and associated cross-fault systems. The Golden Quadrangle Cu–Au ore district of the Southern Apuseni Mountains reflects an unusual rotated transtensional/extensional setting close to the termination of a graben system. There, fluid flow was probably localized by fault propagation at the inner tip of the graben system.The spatial and temporal evolution of the magmatism and its changing geochemical signature from (N)W to (S)E strongly suggests a link with the contemporaneous northeastward roll-back of the subducted slab and a progressive southeastward detachment during accelerating roll-back. This geodynamic evolution is further supported by the present-day overall and detailed mantle lithospheric density images, the present-day heat flow patterns, the crustal architecture and its interpreted evolution, and the spatial and temporal evolution of depocentres around the Carpathian arc. In contrast to all these features, the mineral deposits in the West Carpathians, East Carpathians and Apuseni Mountains are too synchronous with respect to their individual volcanic history and contrast too much with younger volcanics of similar style, but barren, in southeastern parts of the Carpathians to simply link them directly to the slab evolution. In all three districts, the presence of magmatic fluids released from shallow plutons and their mixing with meteoric water were critical for mineralization, requiring transtensional or extensional local regimes at the time of mineralization, possibly following initial compressional regimes.These three systems show that mineralization was probably controlled by the superposition of favourable mantle lithospheric conditions and partly independent, evolving upper crustal deformation conditions.In the 13 to 11 Ma period the dominant mineralization formed all across the Carpathians, and was superimposed on structurally favourable crustal areas with, at that time, volcanic–hydrothermal activity. The period may reflect the moment when the (upper part of the) crust failed under lithospheric extension imposed by the slab evolution. This crustal failure would have fragmented the overriding plate, possibly breaking up the thermal lid, to provoke intensive fluid flow in specific areas, and allowed subsequent accelerated tectonic development, block rotation and extrusion of a “family of sub-blocks” that are arbitrarily regarded as the Tisia–Dacia or Alcapa blocks, even though they have lost their internal entity.     

文化廊道空间界定之CCSPM模型构建——以滇西南跨境文化廊道为例

基于景观信息链理论,按照识别文化基因、确定文化点、模拟廊道空间的过程,结合阻力模型及原理,运用ArcGIS 工具从文化点对廊道文化的传播重要性、文化点的区域影响力、各文化点的空间关系以及自然环境对文化传播的约束等4个方面,构建出CCSPM（cultural corridor spatial pattern model）模型,并运用该方法界定滇西南跨境文化廊道的空间范围。结果显示：① 滇西南跨境文化廊道的文化元素影响范围沿交通线集聚但空间差异性较大;② 滇西南跨境文化廊道总体格局、分布趋势和历史进程大致相符,模型能较有效地表征文化廊道空间范围。该方法为文化廊道空间研究提供新的研究思路,进而为分析廊道内部的文化连接方向和程度及文化遗产的整体保护与开发提供空间信息支持。     

吉林省东部山区隧道洞室开挖涌水量估算分析

隧道洞身在中等风化岩层中,水文地质条件相对比较复杂。隧道施工时需要进行人工降水,以满足施工条件,为此估算隧道洞体涌水量在设计时显得极为重要。本文以凉水隧道工程为例,应用泉水流量汇总法、地下水径流模数法和水平廊道法对隧道涌水量计算并进行对比分析,验证三种方法的合理性和有效性,为设计和施工降水提供一定的参考依据。     

1957—2006年河西走廊中部气候变化对水资源的影响

利用河西走廊中部1957—2006年6个气象站的气候资料,对气温、降水的变化特征以及由此引起的水资源的变化进行统计分析.结果表明:年平均气温整体以0.40℃.(10a)-1的速率上升,气温偏高主要是在冬季,春、夏季变化幅度不大.降水量的变化以2.81mm.(10a)-1的速度在递增,1980年代末至1990年代前期降水量出现下降,1990年代后期又开始缓慢增加.气温升高、降水量的增加、蒸发量的减少,意味着该地区气候由暖干向暖湿转变.水资源总量、河川径流量呈缓慢上升趋势,与降水量的变化具有一致性.     

1961—2005年河西走廊东部极端降水事件变化研究

利用1961—2005年河西走廊东部5个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了河西走廊东部近45 a极端降水事件变化的空间分布以及时间变化特征.结果表明:在空间分布上,年极端降水分布与地理位置、海拔密切相关,也与影响本地的天气系统有关.河西走廊东部极端降水总量、降水频数呈南-北走向,最大值出现在乌鞘岭,最小值出现在民勤;极端降水强度也呈南-北走向,但最强中心在古浪,最小在民勤.近45 a来极端降水总量和强度呈增加趋势,总量增加最大的是乌鞘岭,武威最小;强度增加最明显的是武威,最不明显的是古浪;年极端降水频数在古浪和民勤呈减少趋势,其它地区为增加趋势,降水频数增加最明显的也是乌鞘岭,降水频数减少最明显的是民勤.全球大幅度变暖水循环加快使得河西走廊东部年极端降水指数都呈增加趋势,其中年极端降水总量、年极端降水强度、年极端降水频数都是90年代增加最明显;极端降水指数在6~7 a和9~10 a周期上反映明显,在60年代年极端降水指数都发生了突变.     

广东省自然保护区生态网络评价及其生态修复建议

以广东省自然保护区作为生态源地,利用最小累积阻力模型,分析潜在生态廊道,通过增加河流与高速公路廊道形成综合生态网络(CEN),并利用α指数、β指数、γ指数和成本比对CEN进行评价,结果显示:由潜在生态廊道构成的基础生态网络(BEN),α、β、γ指数分别为0.54、2.02和0.70,说明其能使广东省自然保护区结构复杂化...     

基于生态网络构建与优化的太仓国土空间生态保护修复关键区域诊断与识别

以江苏太仓作为研究区域,基于生态系统服务评估确定生态源地,采用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）和重力模型构建生态廊道,提出生态网络优化模式和对应管控策略。经计算和分析,提取面积30 365.46 hm2的重要生态功能区作为生态源地;识别生态源地161.46 km2,其中水域生态源50个、陆域生态源地47个;提取水域生态廊道53条、陆域生态廊道56条,且水域生态廊道相较于陆域生态廊道更为完善,连通性和稳定性更高;识别需优先保护的生态夹点25个,优先修复的生态障碍点18个。研究成果可为系统性开展国土空间生态保护修复提供借鉴和指导。     

藏东昌都觉学红层滑坡的地质成因分析

觉学红层滑坡发育于向斜北东翼形成的反向坡，是近年来依托川藏交通廊道沿线灾害地质调查在新厘定的“藏东昌都红层区”发现的典型红层滑坡。为厘定其成因，以基础地质为切入点，进行了详实的地质调查与分析。结果表明，滑坡区地层岩性主要为中侏罗统东大桥组(J₂d)紫红色、灰色薄层泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹中-厚层砂岩。地层内发育与区域构造活动配套的轴面劈理(S₁)、“X”型共轭剪节理(S₂、S₃)和层间剪切劈理(S₄)。文章从沉积环境控制地层岩性及物理力学性质、区域构造演化制约斜坡结构与岩体结构面组合特征和地下水及重力作用加剧斜坡失稳等角度，提出觉学红层滑坡形成于内外地质营力耦合的失稳机理，对区域红层滑坡防治和川藏交通建设具有一定参考价值。