青藏工程走廊热融湖湖底热状态

热融湖塘对寒区环境可产生较大影响, 其侧向热侵蚀会诱发冻土工程病害.选取青藏工程走廊热融湖塘分布密集的楚玛尔河、五道梁、北麓河3个亚区, 于2009—2010年通过HOBO水位传感器对4个固定湖塘的连续监测和大量湖塘的随机观测, 探讨了不同季节、不同水深湖底的热状态.在结冰期的1月中旬, 楚玛尔河90%以上的湖塘湖底温度都在0 ℃以下, 主要与湖塘较浅和湖水高矿化度有关.五道梁和北麓河湖底温度相对较高, 只有约20%的湖底温度低于0 ℃, 这些湖水深小于最大冻结冰层厚度; 最高温度高于4 ℃, 主要与湖较深有关.但3个亚区湖底温度均随着水深增加而增加.在6~9月融冰期, 湖底温度普遍增加, 最高达到18 ℃以上, 浅湖增温快于深湖, 湖底温度随着水深增加而递减.湖底温度年际变化近似为正弦曲线, 在1~2月, 湖底温度最低, 之后逐渐升高, 到7~8月, 湖底温度达到最高.      

临江地下结构主被动联合抗浮方法及应用

临江场地的地下水位受外江水位影响,具有长期水位较低、短期汛期水位极高的特点。临江场地内的地下结构,若仅采用抗拔桩或抗拔锚杆等常规被动抗浮措施进行抗浮,将抗浮设防水位取为地表高程显然是偏危险的,但按50年一遇和100年一遇水位采用常规被动抗浮措施进行抗浮设计又显然是不经济的,成本极高。基于此,提出抗浮范畴临江结构的定义及其“排水廊道+常规抗浮措施”的主被动联合抗浮的方法。根据临江承压圆湖公式,考虑越流效应,给出了临江排水廊道简化计算分析方法并进行了有限元验证。临江地下结构利用排水廊道进行防洪渡汛,保证汛期地下结构水荷载稳定,消除汛期高水压对结构产生的极端水荷载,而对于平时非汛期水位的作用则利用常规抗浮措施进行考虑。廊道只在汛期高水位时起防洪渡汛作用,排水减压不会引起环境影响问题,同时其耐久性也容易保证。最后介绍利用此方法进行抗浮的实际工程。     

祁连山及河西走廊气候变化的时空分布特征

利用祁连山区及河西走廊20个气象站的气温和降水资料,运用一元回归分析、5 a趋势滑动、Spline插值法,进行气候变化的时空分布特征分析。结果表明：祁连山及河西走廊的气温在20世纪60—80年代偏低,90年代以后偏高;气温的年际变化率为0.0298 ℃·a^-1,并且升温趋势显著;大部分地区的增温幅度在0.02~0.04 ℃·a^-1之间,其中祁连山区的增温幅度大于走廊平原;气温的年际变化幅度在空间上呈现出南北分异,大致以黑河干流为界,中东部地区的增温幅度从南到北呈增大趋势,而中西部地区从南到北呈减小趋势;降水在60年代偏少,其他年代偏多,其中2000年以后明显增多;降水的年际变化率为0.6571 mm·a^-1,不过增加趋势不太明显;大部分地区降水的增加幅度在0~2 mm·a^-1之间,其中祁连山区的增加幅度大于走廊平原;降水的年际变化幅度在空间上呈现出南北分异,其增加幅度从南到北呈减小趋势。     

支座沉降对大跨度钢结构连廊地震受力性能影响分析

在大跨度钢结构连廊的地震冲击影响分析中支座沉降都被忽略,而分析其受力情况对抗震性影响至关重要。研究支座沉降对大跨度钢结构连廊在地震中的受力性能变化,建立连廊结构在地震中的受力模型。做法为模型设定一个沉降量,计算支座沉降时,在地震冲击下连廊(包括钢框架和钢桁架)附加内力,再利用结构力学方法得到连廊附加弯矩图,得出沉降量对连廊钢框架地震冲击表达式,利用SAP2000软件分析不同沉降量下连廊钢桁架结构内力变化情况,得到连廊上、下弦杆在地震作用下的最大弯矩和最大轴拉力。实验结果表明,计算得到支座沉降后,连廊上弦杆和腹杆内动力系数最大值分别为0.17、0.15,比传统的时程分析法更接近相关规定值0.16,结果准确。     

西南地区滇金丝猴潜在优先保护区与保护网络识别（英文）

In Southwest China, five Nature Reserves(NRs)(Mangkang, Baimaxueshan, Yunling, Habaxueshan, and Yunlongtianchi) play a key role in protecting the endemic and endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(YSM)(Rhinopithecus bieti). However, increasing human activities threaten its habitats and corridors. We used a GIS-based Niche Model to delineate potential core habitats(PCHs) of the YSMs and a Linkage Mapper corridor simulation tool to restore potential connectivity corridors(PCCs), and defined five scenarios. A normalized importance value index(NIVI) was established to identify the protection priority areas(PPAs) for the YSMs for five scenarios. The results indicated that locations of the habitats and corridors were different in the five scenarios, thereby influencing the distribution of the PPAs and protection network of the YSMs. The NIVI value of Baimaxueshan nature reserve was 1 in the five scenarios, which implied the maximum importance. There were only 7 PCHs and 16 PCCs(with the longest average length of 223.13 km) which were mainly located around 5 NRs in scenario III. The protection network of the YSMs was composed of 16 PCHs, 18 PCCs, and 5 NRs. Under each scenario, most of the PCHs and the PCCs were located in the south of the study area. The five NRs only covered 2 PPAs of the YSMs. We suggest that the southern part of the study area needs to be strictly protected and human activities should be limited. The area of the five NRs should be expanded to maximize protection of the YSMs in the future.     

Potential priority areas and protection network for Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Southwest China

In Southwest China, five Nature Reserves (NRs) (Mangkang, Baimaxueshan, Yunling, Habaxueshan, and Yunlongtianchi) play a key role in protecting the endemic and endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (YSM) (Rhinopithecus bieti). However, increasing human activities threaten its habitats and corridors. We used a GIS-based Niche Model to delineate potential core habitats (PCHs) of the YSMs and a Linkage Mapper corridor simulation tool to restore potential connectivity corridors (PCCs), and defined five scenarios. A normalized importance value index (NIVI) was established to identify the protection priority areas (PPAs) for the YSMs for five scenarios. The results indicated that locations of the habitats and corridors were different in the five scenarios, thereby influencing the distribution of the PPAs and protection network of the YSMs. The NIVI value of Baimaxueshan nature reserve was 1 in the five scenarios, which implied the maximum importance. There were only 7 PCHs and 16 PCCs (with the longest average length of 223.13 km) which were mainly located around 5 NRs in scenario III. The protection network of the YSMs was composed of 16 PCHs, 18 PCCs, and 5 NRs. Under each scenario, most of the PCHs and the PCCs were located in the south of the study area. The five NRs only covered 2 PPAs of the YSMs. We suggest that the southern part of the study area needs to be strictly protected and human activities should be limited. The area of the five NRs should be expanded to maximize protection of the YSMs in the future.

     

京广空中廊道系统延误弹性测算与航空流运行结构分析

文章构建了一个多层次系统延误弹性测算框架,应用京广空中廊道24 h全部848架次航班实际航迹点数据,测算了单个航班延误偏差、系统延误累积量和系统延误弹性系数,分析了其与航空流运行结构的关系。结果表明：1）该空中廊道航班飞行过程中以延误产生为主且在低流量时段表现出延误吸收能力;沿线枢纽机场起飞航班延误均值普遍高于抵达航班,随枢纽机场等级提高和承载流量增加出现更高的航班延误均值和峰值振幅;以延误偏差>15 min标准统计,各汇流航线的延误概率和均值都高于沿线枢纽机场间直航航线,在该空中廊道贡献了正延误。2）整体呈现出中心航迹延误累积–外围航迹延误恢复的动态过程,大密度流量汇聚成为延误叠加累积的主要原因;3）系统延误弹性具有空间异质性,随机场节点间流量分散程度增加而显著提高,多样性可选路径引发积极的延误吸收而使其具有较强的延误恢复能力。4）航空流运行结构对空中廊道系统延误弹性的影响是通过中心航迹–外围航迹和航迹簇流量汇聚2个关键要素实现的,延误恢复是1个多路径选择的过程,航线重构策略优于固定航线策略。     

干旱区城市化过程中的生态风险评价模型及应用——以河西地区城市化过程为例

城市化是河西走廊可持续发展的必由之路,然而现实中城市化过程与生态环境之间存在着各种各样的矛盾与胁迫,同时也伴随着生态风险的产生,评价城市化过程中诱发的生态风险,并找出各种生态风险变化的规律性,对河西走廊城市未来的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。通过研究城市生态风险的内涵与动因,建立了生态风险评价的数学模型,并利用该模型从不同角度计算出河西走廊7个城市的生态环境风险强度,在此基础上分析了河西城市化过程中生态风险变化的规律性,即河西走廊7个城市的经济城市化诱发的生态风险大于人口城市化和社会城市化诱发的生态风险;农业用水诱发的生态风险大于工业和第三产业用水;流域下游的生态风险大于上、中游地区;从空间上,各城市的综合生态风险呈现出玉门>敦煌>武威>金昌>酒泉>嘉峪关>张掖的位次顺序。     

The corridor effect of metropolitan spatialextension and optimization of landscape structure—the case of Beijing

TherehavebeenseveraldozensofyearssincethedevelopmentandstUdyofthemetropolitanareasindevelopedcountries.Atpresent,somemetropolisesaresteppingintothestageofmetropolitandevelopmentinChina.Thegeneraltrendisunavoidablethatbuilt-upareaexpandsandrurallandturnsintourbanones.Butunderthedriveofgoingmerelyaftereconomicbenefit,man}.'collectivesandindividualsillegallyoccupycultivatedlandandgreenbelts,whichintensifiesurbanenvironmentalpollution,wasteslandresourceandmakesthebuilt-upareaexpanduncontrollabl}'…     

Spatial pattern and function of corridors in wetlands of Liaohe delta

lINrnoDUCnoNConidorsaresPecialpatcheswithnarrowandlongshaPe,andoftenhavethefunctionsastransPOrtation,protection,resomeesandaesthetics(FoRMAN,l986;ALMO,l998).Conidorsconnectvariouslandscapesbytransportingmaterials,energyandinformation.NewconidorscreatedbyhumanactivitiesareimPortantfac-torsleadingtolandscapefragZnentation.Inthemean-while,theyarealsobanierstothecormectionsofdifferentecosystems(WANGetal-,1996).Theconi-dorshavefrhoentedthelandscaPe,andchangedtheoriginalsituationofthenatu…