Metamorphic charnockite in contact aureoles around intrusive enderbite from Natal, South Africa

In the Port Edward area of southern Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, charnockitic aureoles up to 10 m in width in the normally garnetiferous Nicholson's Point Granite, are developed adjacent to intrusive contacts with the Port Edward Enderbite and anhydrous pegmatitic veins. Mineralogical differences between the country rock and charnockitic aureole suggest that the dehydration reaction Bt + Qtz → Opx + Kfs + H₂O and the reaction of Grt + Qtz → Opx + Pl were responsible for the charnockitization. The compositions of fluid inclusions show systematic variation with: (1) the Port Edward Enderbite being dominated by CO₂ and N₂ fluid inclusions; (2) the non-charnockitized granite by saline aqueous inclusions with 18–23 EqWt% NaCl; (3) the charnockitic aureoles by low-salinity and pure water inclusions (<7 EqWt% NaCl); (4) the pegmatites by aqueous inclusions of various salinity with minor CO₂. As a result of the thermal event the homogenization temperatures of the inclusions in charnockite show a much larger range (up to 390 °C) compared to the fluid inclusions in granite (mostly <250 °C). Contrary to fluid-controlled charnockitization (brines, CO₂) which may have taken place along shear zones away from the intrusive body, the present “proximal” charnockitized granite formed directly at the contact with enderbite. The inclusions indicate contact metamorphism induced by the intrusion of “dry” enderbitic magma into “wet” granite resulting in local dehydration. This was confirmed by cathodoluminescence microscopy showing textures indicative for the local reduction of structural water in the charnockite quartz. Two-pyroxene thermometry on the Port Edward Enderbite suggests intrusion at temperatures of ∼1000–1050 °C into country rock with temperature of <700 °C. The temperature of aureole formation must have been between ∼700 °C (breakdown of pyrite to form pyrrhotite) and ∼1000 °C. Charnockitization was probably controlled largely by heat related to anhydrous intrusions causing dehydration reactions and resulting in the release and subsequent trapping of dehydration fluids. The salinity of the metamorphic fluid in the contact zones is supposed to have been higher at an early stage of contact metamorphism, but it has lost its salt content by K-metasomatic reactions and/or the preferential migration of the saline fluids out of the contact zones towards the enderbite. The low water activity inhibited the localized melting of the granite. Mineral thermobarometry suggests that after charnockite aureole genesis, an isobaric cooling path was followed during which reequilibration of most of the aqueous inclusions occurred. Received: 8 November 1998 / Accepted: 21 June 1999     

辽东南长海地区花岗质片麻岩类的地球化学特征:对其原岩性质及形成环境的制约

本文对辽东南长海地区花岗质片麻岩进行了系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,以便对其原岩性质及形成的构造环境给予制约。研究结果表明,研究区内花岗质片麻岩类可划分为富钠和富钾两类花岗质岩石,前者包括黑云二长花岗质片麻岩和花岗闪长质片麻岩,矿物组成主要包括斜长石、石英、黑云母及少量的钾长石等,后者则主要包括花岗质、二长花岗质和糜棱岩化花岗质片麻岩,其矿物组成以钾长石、斜长石、石英和次要的白云母和黑云母为主。地球化学分析结果显示,富钠花岗质片麻岩具有富硅、富钠、高铝、富集LREEs和LILEs、强烈亏损HREEs和HFSEs(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)、轻重稀土强烈分馏、并显示弱负Eu异常和Ba的相对亏损等特征;而富钾花岗质片麻岩则显示高硅、富钾、过铝质的地球化学属性、富集LREEs和LILEs、亏损HREEs和HFSEs,与富钠花岗质岩石相比,轻重稀土分馏程度相对较弱、HFSEs以及Ba相对于Rb和Th的亏损程度更强,并显示中等负Eu异常和强烈的Sr负异常等特征。上述特征表明,辽东南长海地区富钠花岗质片麻岩应起源于中酸性陆壳物质的部分熔融,并可能有玄武质物质的加入,原岩应为具有活动大陆边缘属性的花岗闪长岩,其形成应与狼林地块(或胶辽地块)东南及南部先存洋盆向陆块之下的俯冲作用相联系;而富钾花岗质片麻岩应形成于中酸性陆壳物质的部分熔融,原岩为具有碰撞型花岗岩属性的碱性花岗岩,其形成应与洋壳消减闭合、陆陆碰撞拼贴相联系。     

Arc magmatism in eastern Kumaun Himalaya,India: A study based on geochemistry of granitoid rocks

Petrochemical studies of granitoid rocks from the eastern part of Kumaun region suggest that the leading edge of India represents an active arc during Late Paleoproterozoic times. It has been observed that melt generation for granodiorite rocks from the eastern Almora Nappe and Chhiplakot klippe along with the Askot klippe was caused through a subduction‐related process involving hydrous partial melting of a Paleoproterozoic amphibole‐ and/or garnet‐bearing mafic source with the involvement of sediments from the subduction zone. The medium‐ to high‐K basic rocks, common in subduction‐related magmatic arcs, can also explain the generation of the high‐K granodiorites of the Chhiplakot klippe. The augen gneisses from the eastern Almora nappe and Chhiplakot klippe along with the Askot klippe further show geochemical similarity with the associated granodiorites, suggesting there is a genetic linkage with one another.     

华北克拉通~2.5Ga地壳再造事件：来自中条山TTG质片麻岩的证据

华北克拉通中部中条山区涑水杂岩是华北克拉通新太古代TTG质片麻岩地体之一。为了探讨华北克拉通新太古代构造-岩浆事件的性质及早前寒武纪地壳的形成和演化,选择涑水杂岩中TTG质岩石进行研究。研究表明这套TTG质岩石富Na、高Al、Sr,低Y、Cr、Ni含量。稀土元素配分曲线右倾,富Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,这套TTG质片麻岩形成于2553～2561Ma,属新太古代晚期产物。锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果显示εHf(t)为正值,两阶段模式年龄集中在2.7～2.8Ga。结合涑水杂岩中TTG质片麻岩的岩石地球化学特征,认为这套TTG片麻岩可能主要来自2.7～2.8Ga的下地壳镁铁质岩石在新太古代晚期的部分熔融,可能有少量的地幔物质加入。考虑同期发育大量花岗质岩石的事实,说明新太古代晚期在华北克拉通中部并不存在大规模的俯冲作用,华北克拉通在新太古代晚期已经基本成型。结合前人研究成果和本文锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果,提出中条山区～2.5Ga岩浆事件代表一期重要的陆壳再造事件。     

Diverse signatures of deformation, pressure-temperature and anatexis in the Rayagada sector of the Eastern Ghats granulite terrane

The granulites and granitoids around Rayagada in the north central part of the Eastern Ghats belt display structural and petrological differences when compared to similar rocks from Chilka and Jenapore in the northern Eastern Ghats. The impress of F₁ deformation is almost erased while that ofF ₃ is muted. The metapelites have a restricted chemical range and are non-migmatitic. There are two varieties of leptynitic granitoids, one of which is interlayered with yet another S-type granite containing cordierite. The maximum recorded temperature from geothermometers is 780‡C, but the magnitude of pressure is comparatively low, the highest value being 6.3 kbar. Another distinctive feature of the pressuretemperature record is the absence of evidence of decompression in the lower realms of pressure and temperature. Metamorphic reactions that could be identified indicate cooling, a noteworthy reaction being the sillimanite to andalusite transformation. Integration of data from pressure-temperature sensors suggest cooling at two pressures, 6 and 5 kbar. The generation of two types of granitoids from metapelites is interpreted to be due to intersection with solidus curves for pelitic and graywacke-like compositions, constrained by recent experiments, at 6 and 5 kbar. The first melting occurred on a prograde path while the second one was due to increase in temperature during exhumation at tectonic rates. Thus inspite of a broad similarity in the geodynamic scenario across the northern part of the Eastern Ghat belt, differences in exhumation rates and in style of melting were responsible for producing different signatures in the Rayagada granulite terrane.     

吉东南新太古代晚期片麻岩类的时代、成因及其对早期地壳形成演化的制约

吉林省东南部通化地区广泛出露早前寒武纪花岗质片麻岩类,其岩石组成、形成时代和成因对深化认识华北克拉通东北缘早期地壳形成演化历史具有重要意义。本文系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等研究结果表明,这些花岗质片麻岩类按照SiO₂质量分数总体可划分为高硅和低硅两组：前者主要由二长花岗质片麻岩、奥长花岗质片麻岩及英云闪长质片麻岩组成,其原岩形成于2 549~2 557 Ma;而后者由石英二长闪长质片麻岩及花岗闪长岩质片麻岩组成,其原岩形成于2 534~2 552 Ma;并且两组岩石都含有约2 600 Ma的捕获锆石,共同遭受了约2 500 Ma变质作用的影响。地球化学分析结果显示,低硅岩组具有较高的MgO、CaO、Na₂O质量分数,属于高钾—中钾钙碱性系列,并且富集LREE、亏损HREE和HFSE;与之相比,高硅岩组则具有较低的MgO和CaO质量分数,显示更强烈的轻、重稀土元素分馏以及Nb、Ta、P、Ti等亏损的特征;但两者均具有较弱的正或负Eu异常。结合区域最新研究成果,认为研究区低硅和高硅两组岩石应具有相同的源区,其形成可能与大洋板片俯冲、岩浆底侵引起的地壳部分熔融作用有关。此外,两组岩石具有相似的ε_Hf（t）值（2.72~7.95）和模式年龄（2.86~2.55 Ga）,暗示区域主要存在新太古代晚期地壳生长事件;结合区域内变质火山岩的研究进展,认为吉林省东南部通化地区花岗质片麻岩类可能形成于活动大陆边缘的构造背景。     

吉林南部太古宙英云闪长质片麻岩类的特征及成因

吉林南部太古宙英云闪长质片麻岩类主要由石英闪长质、英云闪长质、花岗闪长质和奥长花岗质片麻岩组成。地质学、岩相学、地球化学研究表明，它们是同源岩浆通过结晶分异作用形成的，最主要的分离矿物相是角闪石和斜长石。岩浆来源于下地壳角闪质岩石的部分熔融作用。     

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩带石拐地区富铝片麻岩成因矿物学与变质演化

大青山-乌拉山变质杂岩中石拐地区富铝片麻岩出露于华北克拉通孔兹岩带中段,包括夕线石榴堇青二长片麻岩、紫苏石榴黑云二长片麻岩和夕线石榴黑云二长片麻岩,与基性麻粒岩彼此呈互层或夹层产出.根据岩相学观察、成因矿物学和变质反应结构的系统研究,结合地质温压计估算以及相平衡模拟的综合分析,揭示石拐地区富铝片麻岩的变质演化可划分为四个变质阶段.其中,早期进变质阶段(M1)矿物组合以石榴石核部及其包裹的细粒矿物黑云母+石英+斜长石±夕线石±钾长石±尖晶石为特征;峰期变质阶段(M2)的稳定的矿物组合为石榴石+基质中粗粒夕线石+黑云母+石英+斜长石+钾长石±磁铁矿±钛铁矿,形成的温压条件为T=840 ～ 860℃,P=10.0～10.5kbar;峰后近等温减压阶段(M3)以石榴石边部发育含堇青石的后成合晶为特征,并发生一系列典型的减压反应:Grt+ Sil+ Qz→Crd、Grt+ Melt→Crd+ Bt+ PI和Grt+ Melt→Crd+ Qz±P1,形成新的矿物组合为石榴石+堇青石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±夕线石±紫苏辉石,相应的温压条件为T=720～ 800℃和P=5.6 ～6.1kbar;晚期角闪岩相降温阶段(M4)的矿物组合是石榴石+石榴边部细粒黑云母+斜长石+石英+磁铁矿±钾长石±钛铁矿,记录的温压条件为T=616 ～661℃和P=3.4 ～5.2kbar.石拐地区富铝片麻岩及相关岩石具有典型的近等温减压的顺时针P-T轨迹,峰后经历了近等温减压和近等压降温的变质演化阶段.上述研究结果表明,石拐地区富铝片麻岩曾卷入到华北克拉通西部的阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块间的俯冲-碰撞造山及随后的快速隆升的演化过程.     

华北克拉通阜平杂岩中~2.7GaTTG片麻岩的厘定及其地质意义

通过详细的地质工作,本文从阜平杂岩中厘定出一套~2.7Ga的条带状TTG片麻岩系,其原岩主要为英云闪长岩,经历了强烈的变形和深熔改造。该片麻岩可分为岩石主体和条带,按条带形态和成分可分为三种:细小的暗色条带、深熔浅色条带和后期注入的长英质脉体。用LA-MC-ICPMS法对英云闪长岩中锆石进行了原位U-Pb年龄测试,其形成年龄为2669.2±9.7Ma。该片麻岩SiO2=64.32%~70.02%,具有高铝(Al2O3=14.00%~15.87%)富钠(Na2O=3.85%~4.22%)贫钾(K2O=1.13%~2.42%)及低K/Na比值的特点,Mg#指数为39.5~49.6。该片麻岩具有中等-强烈程度的稀土元素分异[(La/Yb)N=3.67~51.38],Eu异常不明显。其富集Sr(303×10-6~431×10-6)、Ba(191×10-6~696×10-6)等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb(4.70×10-6~9.78×10-6)、Ta(0.19×10-6~0.75×10-6)、Ti(1378×10-6~3259×10-6)、P(174.6×10-6~960.6×10-6)等高场强元素,Cr(5.87×10-6~119.4×10-6)、Ni(6.72×10-6~45.75×10-6)等相容元素含量也较低。Yb(0.31×10-6~1.75×10-6)和Y(3.61×10-6~18.88×10-6)含量低,Sr/Y比值高(16.0~119.1),属于高铝的TTG,与高硅埃达克岩特征相似。推断是热的太古宙新生洋壳部分熔融而成。阜平地区~2.7Ga TTG片麻岩的厘定,进一步证实了华北克拉通在新太古代早期经历了强烈的陆壳增生,并为华北克拉通早期岩浆事件与世界范围的岩浆事件的对比提供了新的依据,为华北克拉通早期陆块及绿岩带的划分提供了新的限定。     

祁连山西段新元古代晚期花岗质片麻岩成因及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

祁连山西段吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩出露于北大河岩群二云母片麻岩中。地球化学特征显示,吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩主要为碱性、弱过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.04~1.12)。岩石主体Rb含量较低,Sr和Ba含量高,K/Rb值介于179~225之间,说明吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩不是高分异花岗岩,但明显的负Eu异常（Eu/Eu?=0.25~0.35）,说明该岩浆经历了弱的分离结晶作用。在(Al2O3+TFeO+MgO+TiO2)-Al2O3/(TFeO+MgO+TiO2)图解中,未经历强烈分异的花岗质岩石样品点落入地壳杂砂岩或中性岩浆岩源区。未经历强烈分异的样品富集强不相容元素,并且在Y-Nb和(Y+Nb)-Rb图解中,主体落入板内花岗岩区域。吊大坂花岗质片麻岩LA-ICP-MS锆石206Pb/238U年龄为736±5Ma,该年龄被解释为花岗质片麻岩的形成时代,说明祁连山存在750~730Ma的岩浆作用记录,可能为新元古代晚期伸展背景下的产物。祁连山新元古代岩浆活动记录了新元古代早期汇聚、新元古代晚期伸展到裂解的长期演化过程。