南海资源环境地理研究综述

南海及沿岸地带是亚太地区经济发展最有活力和潜力的地区之一,受全球变化和人类活动的影响,南海资源环境正发生快速变化,对社会、经济、生态和环境带来新压力。本文从地理空间信息角度,以海岸资源、海洋资源和珊瑚礁资源的地理研究为综述内容,梳理了该区域岸线遥感监测、油气资源储量及渔业资源渔获量的地理差异、珊瑚礁地貌遥感监测与珊瑚白化等相关研究进展,讨论了已有研究的成果及其薄弱方向,依据发展趋势探讨了未来研究工作的重点。综述发现,南海资源环境的地理空间研究中,主要成果表现在资源环境的大面积快速监测与地理分异性方面,但在资源分布的内在机制及资源开发的环境效应影响方面仍缺少足够的研究。未来可望获得突破的研究主要包括：区域时空多尺度特征及其效应,区域间自然和社会发展的分异和规律,多源数据融合的南海资源动态监测的精度与时效的提高,以及资源变化过程的海洋生态与环境综合效应研究等。     

江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌-沉积特征

利用卫星影象和野外实地勘察资料对江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁的地貌-沉积特征进行分析。结果表明，该牡蛎礁发育在强潮淤泥质潮坪上，造礁牡蛎主要是近江牡蛎和长牡蛎，表层的鲜活牡蛎为褶牡蛎。牡蛎礁区海水属盐度较高(27—30)的半成水，含沙量较大，为0．2—0．3g／L。活体牡蛎堆积体顶面高于周围潮间下带滩面1．0—1．5m。潮流较强，多在0．5—2．0m／s。海岸剖面可分为4个带，即礁后潮间带、潮沟、礁体生长带及礁前斜坡带。由于处于海岸侵蚀段，礁后潮坪缺失潮上带和大部分的潮间上带。礁后潮坪主要以粗粉砂为主，礁后潮沟冲淤变化较大，故礁体生长带时而为一沙洲，时而又与岸滩相连。礁体生长带分布在潮间下带，可看到独立的斑状礁体、带状礁体和大面积环状礁体群。环状礁的微地貌可以划分为礁塘(泻湖)、塘口和塘沟、塘口三角洲、礁墙和礁平台等。     

Mass Diving Tourism – A New Dimension Calls for New Management Approaches

Diving has become a booming branch of the tourism business. The economies of many countries with reef-lined coasts depend on high numbers of tourist divers; the resultant degradation of reefs by mechanical damage is accepted due to the short-term gain from the tourism business. Many activities of recreational diving do not particularly require coral reefs – any varied three-dimensional structure (e.g. a wreck) may be sufficiently attractive. The conflict between the needs of nature conservation and the economic interests of diving tourism can be mitigated by the formation of artificial underwater attractions as reef substitutes. Based on experiments in the northern Red Sea, we propose to deposit calcium minerals from the seawater in situ by electrolysis on a template of any desired shape. After transplantation of living coral fragments, a diverse community will develop. With this method different modules can be designed and formed on the seabed which can serve different needs such as diver training, environmental education and recreation as well as reef rehabilitation. By a combination of such modules, a recreational underwater park can be formed well suited to function as a DAD (diver aggregation device) and therefore, divert diver pressure from the natural reef.     

珊瑚礁工程地质研究进展

珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体,是一种特殊的岩土介质类型,有着独特的工程环境特性和工程地质性质。珊瑚礁工程地质研究是现代工程地质学的一个新课题,是近年来为适应珊瑚岛礁工程建设的需求而发展起来的。介绍了珊瑚礁工程地质研究的内容及意义,综述了国内外珊瑚礁工程地质研究的历史现状及其进展,指出应将珊瑚礁体作为工程岩体,进行工程地质环境区带划分及各区带工程地质条件评价;分析礁岩体结构特征和礁体稳定性及其影响因素;分析礁体工程适宜性、地基及其环境与工程活动相互关系。针对珊瑚礁岩土的土力学特点,加强珊瑚礁颗粒破碎机理及其对工程地质性质影响机制的研究;建立能够代表珊瑚礁应力—应变特性的本构关系。     

Biogeochemical contrasts between mid-Cretaceous carbonate platforms and Cenozoic reefs

Carbonate sediments of mid-Cretaceous platforms on Allison and Resolution Guyots, Mid-Pacific Mountains (ODP Leg 143, Sites 865, 866, 867 and 868) and those of upper Oligocene to Pliocene reefs of the Kita-daito-jima Borehole were studied. The mid-Cretaceous platforms abound with abiotic (?) precipitates (ooids) and microbial carbonate grains/sediments (oncoids and ‘algal’ laminites), whereas the Cenozoic reefs consist mainly of coral and non-geniculate coralline algae, major frame-builders, benthic foraminifers and codiacean alga (Halimeda). There exists a remarkable difference in a mode of calcification between the mid-Cretaceous platforms and Cenozoic reefs. The major reef-builders of Cenozoic reefs precipitated carbonates within closed to semiclosed spaces within their bodies. In contrast, the mid-Cretaceous platforms contain abundant grains/sediments formed by chemical (?) precipitations and biotic extracellular calcification. This contrasting feature reflects different modes of biogeochemical cycles between the mid-Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Increased CO₂ (degassed by active volcanism) and resultant high temperature and intensive weathering may have brought high concentration of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^? into the mid-Cretaceous sea, which enhanced abiotic and extracellular calcification. Inverse processes are true for the Cenozoic.     

广西十万大山盆地下二叠统生物礁古油藏及隐伏礁预测

广西宁明县亭亮下二叠统茅口组生物礁古油藏,为十万大山盆地已暴露破坏的礁古油藏之一。该古油藏的含沥青储层主要分布于礁体的上部和顶部,含沥青礁灰岩厚达９８ｍ以上,礁储层次生溶孔的形成与分布主要受控于深埋有机溶剂作用,同时在空间上还与礁顶部古风化壳和不整合面密切相关,论文深入探讨了礁古油藏形成的主要成岩作用类型及其埋藏一构造发展史,有机质演化史及成岩孔隙演化史三者的配置关系和成藏机理,另据地震和电法资料     

岩鹭在厦门海岸带的分布及其生态考察

岩鹭是我国二级保护鸟类,处于稀有的濒危状态。１９９３年３￣５月,１９９３年９月至１９９４年９月和１９９５年５￣１０月的考察结果。证实岩鹭在厦门的居留时间为１０月上旬至６月上旬。厦门的岩鹭分布于东部海岸,该区域人为干扰和污染少,潮间带底质以砂砾,岩石为主,厦门的岩鹭为灰黑色型,单独活动,种群总数量只有３￣５只,本文根据岩鹭的生态需求、行为习怀和种群数量特点,对岩鹭的保护也进行了讨论。     

环礁沉积体系的过程-产物关系: 勘察式模拟初探

海洋沉积体系的定量模拟可分为仿真和勘察式模拟,后者的目标是建立沉积特征的连续谱、凝练新的科学问题。本文提出一个勘察式模拟的方法论框架,即根据控制方程确定自变量的定义域,进而由模拟计算给出应变量的值域,并结合物质收支平衡原理和“圆台状环礁”几何模型,以此方法预估环礁及其海底阶地物质输运和堆积格局。环礁是珊瑚礁的独特类型,其礁盘区提供了礁体生长和礁外坡、海底阶地堆积的几乎全部物源。结果表明,环礁自身生长受控于生物碎屑生产,而海底阶地的范围和沉积速率不仅决定于离礁悬沙通量,而且受到环礁外水深和海盆环流的制约。悬沙输运和重力流过程形成常态沉降和水下滑坡的交替沉积。此模型所预测的环礁沉积体系高程-面积曲线与南海环礁的实际曲线相对照,可获得环礁演化的机制信息。模拟结果还提示了需进一步研究的科学问题,如环礁生长规模及其控制机制、环礁沉积体系中周期性沉积的时间尺度、环礁外坡由于珊瑚生长自组织机制形成的重力流事件与地震等极端事件的对比和机制识别、环礁群的海底阶地沉积记录多样性、海面变化对环礁演化的影响和沉积记录、环礁人居环境安全等。     

基于大涡模拟与被动示踪物模型的人工鱼礁数值研究

投放人工鱼礁是解决海洋生态环境问题的重要措施之一。通过使用并行大涡模拟模式（the parallelizeda large-eddy simulation model,PALM）及被动示踪物模型模块,研究了不同流速条件（0.1,0.2,0.4和0.6 m/s）下方型人工鱼礁对流场形态、营养盐的抬升作用、和湍流动能收支的影响。研究表明,鱼礁的存在使得其附近垂向速度增大,产生上升流。受到上升流的抬升作用,鱼礁底部的示踪物迅速进入海洋上层,之后遇到鱼礁后方的背涡流,示踪物的抬升受阻,高度逐渐降低。在上升流区域以及背涡流区域的共同影响下,示踪物抬升区域的最大高度与来流流速无关。不同上升流定义对应的上升流区域的高度与来流流速均不相关;上升流区域的最大速度、平均速度与来流流速都成线性增加的关系;然而随着来流流速的增大,不同上升流定义对应的上升流区域面积的变化趋势却完全不同。投放鱼礁后,鱼礁区域底部的混合增强,区域底部的能量被输运至上层。这说明,鱼礁的存在不仅对营养物质具有抬升作用,还能将能量向上输运。     

Source and supply of sediment to a shoreline salient in a fringing reef environment

Reef-associated landforms are coupled to the health of the reef ecosystem which produces the sediment that forms and maintains these landforms. However, this connection can make reef-fronted coastlines sensitive to the impacts of climate change, given that any decline in ecosystem health (e.g. decreasing sediment supply) or changes to physical processes (e.g. sea level rise, increasing wave energy) could drive the sediment budgets of these systems into a net erosive state. Therefore, knowledge of both the sediment sources and transport mechanisms is required to predict the sensitivity of reef-associated landforms to future climate change. Here, we examine the benthic habitat composition, sediment characteristics (composition, texture, and age), and transport mechanisms and pathways to understand the interconnections between coastal morphology and the reef system at Tantabiddi, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Benthic surveys and sediment composition analysis revealed that although live coral accounts for less than 5% of the benthic cover, coral is the dominant sediment constituent (34% on average). Sediment ages (²³⁸U/²³⁰Th) were mostly found to be thousands of years old, suggesting that the primary sediment source is relic reef material (e.g. Holocene reef framework). Sediment transport across the lagoon was quantified through measurements of ripple migration rates, which were found to be shoreward migrating and responsible for feeding the large shoreline salient in the lee of the reef. The derived sediment fluxes were comparable with previously measured rates of sediment production by bioerosion. These results suggest that sediment budgets of systems dependent on old (>10³ years) source materials may be more resilient to climate change as present-day reef health and community composition (i.e. sources of ‘new’ carbonate production) have limited influence on sediment supply. Therefore, the vulnerability of reef-associated landforms in these systems will be dictated by future changes to mechanisms of sediment generation (e.g. bioerosion) and/or physical processes. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.