面向海洋应用的无人机遥感图像配准研究

在海洋应用中,大面积水体的同名点匹配相比陆地更加困难,制约了无人机遥感图像的配准精度和收敛速度。本文提出了一种改进算法适用于海洋无人机遥感应用,采用主成分分析（PCA）和水体阈值方法去除水体,获得图像中非水体区域的分块图像,然后利用仿射-尺度不变特征变换算法（ASIFT）进行图像的特征点提取和重叠图像非水体区域的同名点匹配。通过海岛、海岸线的无人机遥感试验结果表明,基于改进算法,在不增加时间开销的情况下,可以增加30%~50%的同名点数量,精度提高约5%~10%。文中方法适应用于海洋无人机遥感的序列图像配准,为海岛、海岸线的遥感监测提供了有效的技术支持。     

The missing half of the subduction factory: shipboard results from the Izu rear arc,IODP Expedition 350

IODP Expedition 350 was the first to be drilled in the rear part of the Izu-Bonin, although several sites had been drilled in the arc axis to fore-arc region; the scientific objective was to understand the evolution of the Izu rear arc, by drilling a deep-water volcaniclastic section with a long temporal record (Site U1437). The Izu rear arc is dominated by a series of basaltic to dacitic seamount chains up to ~100-km long roughly perpendicular to the arc front. Dredge samples from these are geochemically distinct from arc front rocks, and drilling was undertaken to understand this arc asymmetry. Site U1437 lies in an ~20-km-wide basin between two rear arc seamount chains, ~90-km west of the arc front, and was drilled to 1804 m below the sea floor (mbsf) with excellent recovery. We expected to drill a volcaniclastic apron, but the section is much more mud-rich than expected (~60%), and the remaining fraction of the section is much finer-grained than predicted from its position within the Izu arc, composed half of ashes/tuffs, and half of lapilli tuffs of fine grain size (clasts <3 cm). Volcanic blocks (>6.4 cm) are only sparsely scattered through the lowermost 25% of the section, and only one igneous unit was encountered, a rhyolite peperite intrusion at ~1390 mbsf. The lowest biostratigaphic datum is at 867 mbsf (~6.5 Ma), the lowest palaeomagnetic datum is at ~1300 mbsf (~9 Ma), and the rhyolite peperite at ~1390 mbsf has yielded a U–Pb zircon concordia intercept age of (13.6 + 1.6/?1.7) Ma. Both arc front and rear arc sources contributed to the fine-grained (distal) tephras of the upper 1320 m, but the coarse-grained (proximal) volcaniclastics in the lowest 25% of the section are geochemically similar to the arc front, suggesting arc asymmetry is not recorded in rocks older than ~13 Ma.     

义敦岛弧带晚白垩世海子山二长花岗岩成因及其地质意义

义敦岛弧是三江特提斯复合造山带的重要组成部分。文章对义敦岛弧海子山花岗岩体进行锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地 球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学进行分析,探讨其成因与构造意义。海子山花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为93.7±1.1 Ma（MSWD= 2.1, 2σ）,为晚白垩世早期岩浆活动产物,岩石具高硅、富碱的特征,铝饱和指数A/CNK=1.04~1.12,属于弱过铝质岩石。 稀土配分曲线呈燕式分布,Eu/Eu*=0.05~0.32,具有明显的Eu负异常。富集Rb、Th、U、Ta、Pb等元素,明显亏损Ba和 Sr,表现出A型花岗岩的特征。岩石的εNd(t)=–4.8~-3.4,二阶段模式年龄TDM2= 0.91~1.00 Ga,结合岩石的Pb同位素特征及 低的CaO/Na2O比值与高的Al2O3/TiO2比值,说明其应起源于泥质岩石的部分熔融并有少量地幔组分加入。综合地球化学、 同位素特征及义敦岛弧地区构造资料,表明海子山花岗岩是造山后伸展背景下形成的A型花岗岩,为地壳拉张、减薄,软 流圈地幔上涌引起中上地壳泥质岩部分熔融的产物,具有壳幔物质混合的特征。     

新疆西准噶尔谢米斯台一带志留纪流纹岩地球化学特征及构造意义

谢米斯台一带志留纪火山岩主要为一套中酸性火山岩及其火山碎屑岩建造,流纹岩大面积出露,具有高Si(SiO_270.53%)、低镁(MgO=0.12%~0.58%)、富K贫Na(Na_2O=1.71%~4.45%,K_2O=4.21%~5.72%,Na_2O/K_2O=0.38~0.91)、富Al贫Ca(Al_2O_3=11.04%~15.2%,CaO=0.3%~1.94%)等特征,大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)相对亏损,Eu具有弱—中等的负异常,且Nb/La、Ti/Y比值较低,Hf/Ta、La/Ta、La/Yb、Ta/Yb等比值均较高,显示具典型岛弧火山岩地球化学特征。结合区域构造演化特征,推测在谢米斯台一带,准噶尔洋在志留纪开始进入强烈的俯冲消减作用,在壳幔结合部位可能俯冲板片与富集地幔局部熔融引起下地壳物质大规模的部分熔融或重熔,经历了一定程度的分离结晶和大量地壳物质的混染形成的酸性岩浆喷发形成流纹岩,是陆壳垂向增生的一个主要阶段。早古生代晚期,谢米斯台地区处于萨吾尔复合岛弧的南部边缘岛弧环境。     

Object-Oriented Island Land Cover Change Detection by Iteratively Reweighted Multivariate Statistical Analysis

ABSTRACT

In studies of changes in island geographic information, a key topic is island land cover change detection using multitemporal remote sensing images; such information can provide good reference for island exploitation, marine resource conservation, marine economic development, and national defense building. This study proposes a fast and easy-to-implement algorithm of object-oriented change detection based on iteratively reweighted multivariate statistical analysis with high-resolution remote sensing images and vector data, improving effects of normal multivariate alternative detection by combining object-oriented technology with probability density function of chi-square distribution. This method builds vectors in feature space with spectral, texture, and spatial structure information of objects segmented based on boundaries and categories of features in vector data. By feature optimization and iterative extension to multivariate statistical analysis for change detection, change regions can be extracted. Experiments on Zhaoshu Island area show that the proposed method is highly effective and accurate in detection of change regions.     

Defense by association: Sponge‐eating fishes alter the small‐scale distribution of Caribbean reef sponges

Recent studies have demonstrated that sponge‐eating fishes alter the community of sponges on coral reefs across the Caribbean. Sponge species that lack chemical defenses but grow or reproduce faster than defended species are more abundant on reefs where sponge‐eating fishes have been removed by overfishing. Does predator‐removal have an effect on the distribution of sponges at smaller spatial scales? We conducted transect surveys of sponge species that are palatable to sponge predators in proximity to refuge organisms that are chemically or physically defended (fire coral, gorgonians, hard corals) on the heavily overfished reefs of Bocas del Toro, Panama, and a reef in the Florida Keys where sponge‐eating fishes are abundant. In Panama, palatable sponge species were not distributed in close association with refuge organisms, while in the Florida Keys, palatable sponge species were strongly associated with refuge organisms. The presence of fish predators alters the meter‐scale pattern of sponge distribution, and defense by association enhances biodiversity by allowing palatable sponges to persist on reefs where sponge‐eating fishes are abundant.     

海南岛地形对局地海风环流结构影响的数值模拟

本文利用WRF模式对2014年5月25日发生在海南的一次海风过程进行了数值模拟,通过地形敏感性试验,探讨了海南岛地形对局地海风环流结构的影响。结果表明:控制试验（CNTL）海风于15时左右达到强盛。无地形试验（FLAT）中,水平方向上,海风持续时间缩短,南、北、西向海风向内陆传播距离变短1~5 km,海风强度减弱1 m/s左右,海风动能及辐合强度在沿海地区及西南山区存在大值衰减区;垂直方向上,海风碰撞位置向西、北方向移动,高空回流高度降低,海风厚度减小,垂直环流强度减弱2~6 m2/s2,海风锋附近的垂直速度减小10 cm/s以上。谷风对海风同相叠加作用的消失也使得海风强度减弱。其主要影响机制为:在动力方面,由山脉屏障作用引起的海风强迫抬升、绕流等增强作用消失;在热力方面,地表吸收净辐射减少,导致其向大气中释放的感热、潜热通量等各项均减少约9%,这种改变造成了海陆之间温度、气压差的减小,最终造成了海风的减弱。此外,通过两组削山试验,发现海拔高度降低区辐合范围、强度及动能均减小,同时海风垂直环流结构也相应发生改变,其中移去黎母山脉（RMLM）对海风环流结构的影响大于移去五指山脉（RMWZ）。     

Analysis and evaluation of coral reef integrity based on borehole camera technology

At present, very few drilling surveys have been conducted on coral reefs, and comprehensive geological info on coral reefs is difficult to obtain. However, research on coral reefs is of great importance to development and exploitation of maritime resources. In the survey of Chenhang Island in Paracel (Xisha) Islands, we applied the digital borehole camera technology the first time in China, which resulted in a large amount of first-hand geological data. We utilized the rock mass integrity index (RMDI) method in our analysis of coral reef integrity, and the value of coefficient α in the RMDI was determined to evaluate the size effect of cavities on coral reefs. We then developed the correlation between RMDI values and coral reef integrity with references to the rock mass classification standard, which enabled the engineering evaluation of coral reef integrity. By statistical analysis of camera data gathered along the CK2 borehole for approximately 1-km length, we performed an integrity evaluation of the entire borehole length using the RMDI classification and created a coral reef stratum development diagram that was consistent with the actual cores. The results indicated: (1) the RMDI is a feasible approach for the analysis of coral reef integrity, (2) the classification system based on RMDI is feasible in the integrity evaluation of coral reefs, (3) the values of coral reef integrity obtained using the RMDI method are accurate, and (4) borehole camera survey and statistical analysis are important in the study of coral reefs.     

全球海山玄武岩数据挖掘研究

海山是一个地貌术语,通常分为出露于海平面以上和淹没于以下的两类。海山具有复杂的成因,可产于各种不同的构造环境,其出露的岩性主要有：洋岛玄武岩（OIB）、大洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）、弧后盆地玄武岩（BABB）、岛弧玄武岩（IAB）和大陆边缘玄武岩（CMB）等。本文的研究表明,CMB 和OIB 的地球化学性质大体相似,但是,二者的成因可能既有相似性,也存在某些差异性。OIB 产于板块内部,属于板内岩浆活动的产物,通常认为与“热点”或“地幔柱”有关;而CMB 则可能是古大陆岩石圈与年轻洋壳发生浅部再循环的结果。所以,除“热点”理论外,古大陆岩石圈和年轻洋壳的浅部再循环在海山和洋岛火山形成过程中也扮演了重要的角色。来自IAB 的样品明显亏损Nb、Ta和富集K、Pb、Cs、Rb等大离子亲石元素,表明IAB 的形成与俯冲作用有关。研究表明,全球可能存在3 种类型的热点：第一类是原生的热点,来自深部地幔;第二类是次生的热点,可能形成在地幔柱的浅部,来自超级地幔柱的上部;第三类来自上地幔,可能是大洋岩石圈伸展的产物。因此,海山的成因不可能用地幔柱一种模式予以解释,还应当考虑板块活动中其他各种因素（洋壳再循环、古老陆壳再循环、消减带物质以及水的加入,部分熔融程度、岩浆混合作用、不同地幔端元混合等）的影响。     

长沙市热岛效应时空特征变化研究

本文基于1991-2015年长沙市9景Landsat TM/ETM影像,采用单窗算法反演了长沙市建成区的地表温度,提取了土地利用/覆盖类型,并结合相关资料对长沙市热岛效应时空变化特征以及城市热环境与城市土地利用/覆盖变化之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明长沙市热岛范围随着建成区范围的扩大不断增大,并且热岛的时空演变与建成区扩大的趋势一致：1991-1996年,长沙市热岛向东发展迅速,截至1996年东部热岛面积增加达53.54 km² ;1996-2003年,受城市建成区扩展影响,热岛向西部延伸,增加面积达39.88 km²;2003-2007年,建成区热岛向西部、南部加速发展,热岛增加总面积达33.55 km²;2007年后,长沙市建成区与热岛范围开始向东、西、南、北4个方向全面扩展。此外,建成区土地利用/覆盖情况发生了很大的变化,大量绿地转变为建设用地和耕地,极大地影响了地表温度的空间分布,各土地类型之间的温度差异显著缩小,水体良好的吸热性能明显地体现出来,建筑用地和裸地则对地表温度的贡献显著增大。