城市热岛效应研究概况

随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,城市中的环境污染问题也日益严重,表现为城市比周围非城市化地区的地表和大气温度要高的热岛效应作为这些环境问题中的典型代表有着重要的研究意义。近几十年来国内外的有关专家从微观及宏观层面上对城市热岛效应的产生原因、造成影响、变化规律、缓解措施等方面进行了一系列的研究与探索。由于城市测点有限,过去的研究尚不能全面反映出研究区热岛效应。遥感科学和技术的发展,为城市热岛效应的研究提供了有利条件。本文介绍了热红外遥感技术在热岛研究中的应用及城市规划对城市热岛效应的影响,并展望了该领域的发展前景。     

北京奥运会开幕式期间的中尺度天气系统研究

利用北京地区稠密的地面观测网资料以及北京市观象台、海淀、上甸子3部风廓线仪的观测资料,通过分析2008年8月8日北京奥运会开幕式期间发生在北京地区的降水过程,讨论了此次过程中在环境风场、地形和城市热岛作用下,中尺度系统发展或减弱的可能机制及对城区降水的影响。结果表明:城市热岛和地形作用形成的次级环流圈对城区南北两侧的影响不同,在城区南侧,次级环流圈使南风减弱,同时受次级环流圈下沉气流影响,中尺度系统北上时会减弱;在城区北侧,次级环流圈使南风加强,中尺度系统南下时会使气流辐合增强,有利于中尺度系统发展。当环境风场是较弱的偏南风时,城市热岛-地形次级环流圈在城区1500 m以下形成辐合,以上辐散,在3000 m左右辐散最强,不利于北上的中尺度系统向城区发展形成降水。     

The intrinsic effect of shape on the retrogradation motif and timing of drowning of carbonate patch reef systems (Lower Frasnian,Bugle Gap,Canning Basin,Western Australia)

The evolution and architecture of a set of retreating Lower Frasnian patch reef outcrops in the Canning Basin of Western Australia were evaluated, and their depositional and stratigraphic contacts spatially recorded using digital surveying tools. The geological data, together with high‐resolution digital elevation models, were assembled in three‐dimensional visualization and modelling software and subsequently used for building two‐dimensional surface models and three‐dimensional volumetric models. Numerical data on geometry and shape were extracted from these models and used to quantitatively assess the retrogradation motif of patch reef development. The development of the patch reefs comprises three stages. During stages 1 and 2, the patch reefs exhibited an overall retrogradational escarpment‐type configuration displayed by, on average, 60° steep reef‐margin walls that lacked the support of coeval slope deposits. The subdivision between stages 1 and 2 is based on minor backstepping reducing less than 10% of the platform‐top area. The onset of stage 3 is recognized by stromatolite development fringing reef‐margin walls. During stage 3 an aggrading accretionary reef‐margin developed, comprising allochthonous and autochthonous slope deposits. Both types of slope deposit onlap the previous stages and are distributed unevenly with allochthonous slope deposits being noticeably absent around the smaller and more elongate patch reefs. The variation in distribution of slope sediment type can be explained by the amount, linked to platform size, of platform‐top shedding. Small patch reefs were unable to fill the available accommodation adjacent to escarpments with allochthonous slope sediments and were thus encroached by autochthonous slope sediments. The variation, which cannot be explained by the size difference in the platform‐top factory, has been related to the difference in perimeter length. For patch reefs with similar platform‐top production areas, a more elongate patch reef inherits a longer perimeter and a proportionally smaller volume of allochthonous slope sediment per margin length will be transported to the flanks. Thus, the more elongate patch reef intrinsically contained more sites within which autochthonous slope sediments developed. Digital outcrop modelling and numerical evaluation of the evolution of the patch reefs revealed the major differences in retrogradation motif. The quantified variations in progressive decline of platform‐top area with height were confirmed by hypothetical decline curves for ellipse‐shaped carbonate systems for which aspect ratio (ratio between length and width) varied. This mathematical model demonstrates that the progressive decline of the production area is highly sensitive to shape and can be used to numerically assess and predict the relative timing of drowning, i.e. when the platform‐top production area becomes nil, of retrogradational isolated carbonate platforms that are controlled by high accommodation. Wider implications can be surmised for highstand systems tracts and prograding carbonate systems. For example, for equally sized platforms with hypothetically similar carbonate factories and identical external forces, the potential to prograde by platform‐top shedding is higher with a smaller aspect ratio because the shorter perimeter implies less accommodation space needing to be filled up to commence slope progradation. Clearly, there are intrinsic effects of shape on the development of carbonate platform systems.     

赛什塘矿区侵入岩的地球化学特征及构造环境分析

青海赛什塘地区岩体分布普遍,是多期次侵入的结果。岩体主要以高钾、过铝质、同属钙碱性系列为特征,具有较低含量的稀土元素丰度值,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,铕异常不明显,属I型花岗岩。岩体有Y/Tb值高低不同的两个源区,一是由柴达木地块东南缘岩石圈地幔构成的地幔楔形体,另一个是受其它物源污染的岩浆,是岛弧形成过程中不同阶段的产物。矿区内发现埃达克岩,岩体富含成矿元素,为成矿提供了物质条件。     

Permian basaltic rocks in the Tarim basin, NW China: Implications for plume–lithosphere interaction

There are large areas of Permian basaltic rocks in the Tarim basin (PBRT) in northwestern China. Precise Ar–Ar dating of these rocks revealed an eruption age span of 262 to 285 Ma. Most of the PBRT is composed of alkaline basaltic rocks with high TiO₂ (2.43%–4.59%, weight percent), high Fe₂O₃ + FeO (12.63%–17.83%) and P₂O₅ (0.32%–1.38%) contents. Trace elements of these rocks have affinities with oceanic island basalts (OIB), as shown in chondrite normalized rare earth elements (REE) diagrams and primitive mantle normalized incompatible elements diagrams. The rocks show complex Sr–Nd isotopic character based on which they can be subdivided into two distinct groups: group 1 has relatively small initial (t = 280 Ma)⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio ( 0.7048) and positive εNd(t) (3.42–4.66) values. Group 2 has relatively large initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio (0.7060–0.7083) and negative εNd(t) (from − 2.79 to − 2.16) values. Lead isotopes are even more complex with variations of (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)t, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)t and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)t ranging from 17.9265 to 18.5778, 15.4789 to 15.6067 and 37.2922 to 38.1437, respectively. Moreover, these two groups have different trace elements ratios such as Nb/La, Ba/Nb, Zr/Nb, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf, implying different magmatic processes. Based on the geochemistry of basaltic rocks and an evaluation of the tectonics, deformation, and the compositions of crust and lithospheric mantle in Tarim, we conclude that these basaltic rocks resulted from plume–lithosphere interaction. Permian mantle plume caused an upwelling of the Tarim lithosphere leading to melting of the asthenospheric mantle by decompression. The magma ascended rapidly to the base of lower crust, where different degrees of assimilation of OIB-like materials and fractionation occurred. Group 1 rocks formed where the upwelling is most pronounced and the assimilation was negligible. In other places, different degrees of assimilation and fractionation account for the geochemical traits of group 2.     

Hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotopes of ground water in Jeju volcanic island,Korea: implications for nitrate contamination

Ground water from springs and public supply wells was investigated for hydrochemistry and environmental isotopes of ³H, ¹⁸O and D in Jeju volcanic island, Korea. The wells are completed in a basaltic aquifer and the upper part of hydrovolcanic sedimentary formation. Nitrate contamination is conspicuous in the coastal area where most of the samples have nitrate concentrations well above 1 mg NO₃ N/l. Agricultural land use seems to have a strong influence on the distribution of nitrate in ground water. Comparison of stable isotopic compositions of precipitation and ground water show that ground water mostly originates from rainy season precipitation without significant secondary modification and that local recharge is dominant. ³H concentration of ground water ranged from nearly zero to 5 TU and is poorly correlated with vertical location of well screens. The occurrence of the ³H‐free, old ground water is due to the presence of low permeability layers near the boundary of the basaltic aquifer and the hydrovolcanic sedimentary formation, which significantly limits ground water flow from the upper basaltic aquifer. The old ground water exhibited background‐level nitrate concentrations despite high nitrate loadings, whereas young ground water had considerably higher nitrate concentrations. This correlation of ³H and nitrate concentration may be ascribed to the history of fertilizer use that has increased dramatically since the early 1960s in the island. This suggests that ³H can be used as a qualitative indicator for aquifer vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Timing and duration of growth hiatuses in mid Holocene massive Porites corals from the northern South China Sea

Growth hiatuses in massive corals are usually indicative of past ecological or environmental stresses. Among 37 fossil Porites colonies surveyed from the reef flat of Dadonghai fringing reef at Sanya, Hainan Island, northern South China Sea, seven of them were found to show clear evidence of past mortality, representing a population of ～19%. Among these samples, two of them (SYO‐13 and SYO‐28) display clear growth hiatuses reflecting mortality followed by subsequent recruitment, and five others exhibit a well‐preserved mortality surface and no subsequent recruitment. The growth hiatuses were dated using high‐precision thermal ionisation mass spectrometry U‐series techniques. The age results suggest all the dated corals formed and died in the mid Holocene. Multiple dates below the growth hiatuses suggest that SYO‐13 and SYO‐28 died at 6298 ± 11 and 6929 ± 19 a BP (i.e. years before AD 1950), respectively. Multiple dates above the growth hiatuses indicate that growth in SYO‐13 and SYO‐28 resumed at 6257 ± 14 and 6898 ± 20 a BP, respectively. The calculated durations of growth hiatuses are therefore 41 ± 18 a for SYO‐13 and 31 ± 28 a for SYO‐28, respectively, implying growth resumed within decades after the mortality events. U‐series dating of four other samples with dead heads suggests that they died at 6035 ± 53, 6059 ± 23, 6127 ± 22 and 6474 ± 24 a BP, respectively. In addition, using solution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), monthly resolution Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios were determined for the annual growth bands below and above the growth hiatuses for three of the dated samples. The Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca profiles indicate that the three corals probably died in different seasons (from spring to autumn), and the mortality appears to be unrelated to anomalous sea surface temperature‐induced bleaching. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西沙珊瑚锶温度计：便捷高精度海洋古水温代用指标

西沙群岛现代滨珊瑚1976－1994年生长期间Sr含量的高精度热电离质谱测定结果表明，Sr含量随季节发生周期性的变化，并与当地同期实测海水月平均温度变化相吻合，其Sr含量与实测海水温度相关系数为－0．94。这18年冬夏极端Sr含量与同期月温的相关系数可高达－0．98。Sr温度计误差小于0．5℃。     

青藏高原多岛弧—盆系格局机制

本文根据长期的青藏高原及周边地区的地质调查和考察实践，在系统研究全球构造，尤其是特提斯地质的基础上，概要阐述了全球洋－陆构造体制的转换论、多岛弧盆系统论、造山作用过程论，并依此“三论”作为青藏高原及周边地区大地构造结构单元的划分依据。     

全球洋岛玄武岩氦同位素组成的地幔动力学意义

洋岛玄武岩 (OIB)氦同位素组成 (3 He 4 He)在地理分布上具有非均匀性特征。3 He 4 He值为 5～ 6Ra 的OIB主要分布在南半球 ,而分布于冰岛和夏威夷 (包括Loihi)等地的OIB3 He 4 He值为 10～ 35Ra。低3 He 4 He值OIB具有富集大离子亲石元素U、Th的源区 ,由于U、Th衰变释放的4He同位素的积累导致其3 He 4 He值降低。该源区的形成是俯冲作用导致深海沉积物与地幔混合 ,其地理分布受Pangea大陆周边的古俯冲带制约。高3 He 4 He值OIB的源区则是亏损U、Th的地幔胞 (mantleblob) ,该地幔胞是由极度亏损U、Th的再循环洋壳或大陆下地壳与未排气的地幔胞混合形成的。经过 1～ 2Ga的演化形成即相对亏损4He同位素而3 He 4 He值高的源区。同时 ,这种地幔胞富集难融组分 ,所以较洋中脊玄武岩 (MORB)的源区更为稳定 ,即高3 He 4 He值源区的部分熔融需要更高的地幔温度。超级地幔柱上升可以导致地幔升温和高3 He 4 He值源区的熔融。3 He 4 He值OIB地理分布的非均匀性反映出全球地幔对流系统复杂的半球非对称性格局。