LMWOA (low molecular weight organic acid) exudation by salt marsh plants: Natural variation and response to Cu contamination

This work aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the capability of roots of two salt marsh plants to release low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and to ascertain whether Cu contamination would stimulate or not organic acids exudation. The sea rush Juncus maritimus and the sea-club rush Scirpus maritimus, both from the lower Douro river estuary (NW Portugal), were used. Plants were collected seasonally, four times a year in 2004, during low tide. After sampling, plant roots were washed for removal of adherent particles and immersed for 2 h in a solution that matched salinity (3) and pH (7.5) of the pore water from the same location to obtain plant exudates. In one of the seasons, similar experiments were carried out but spiking the solution with different amounts of Cu in order to embrace the range between 0 and 1600 nM. In the final solutions as well as in sediment pore water LMWOAs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Plants were able to release, in a short period of time, relatively high amounts of LMWOAs (oxalate, citrate, malate, malonate, and succinate). In the sediment pore water oxalate, succinate and acetate were also detected. Therefore, plant roots probably contributed to the presence of some of these organic compounds in pore water. Exudation differed between the plant species and also showed some seasonally variation, particularly for S. maritimus. The release of oxalate by J. maritimus increased with Cu increase in the media. However, exudation of the other LMWOAs did not seem to be stimulated by Cu contamination in the media. This fact is compatible with the existence of alternative internal mechanisms for Cu detoxification, as denoted by the fact that in media contaminated with Cu both plant species accumulated relatively high amounts (29–83%) of the initially dissolved Cu. This study expands our knowledge on the contribution of globally dominant salt marsh plants to the release of LMWOAs into the environment.     

海南省海水鱼养殖产业现状调研与对策研究

文章基于“结构-行为-绩效”（SCP）范式,从市场结构、市场行为和市场绩效3个方面分析海南省的海水鱼养殖产业。发现：海水鱼养殖业属于原子型市场结构,市场集中度较低,龙头企业竞争力不足;总体进入壁垒较低,市场进入难度较小;种苗产业链分工和定价随机性强,鱼卵价格出现经常性短期波动;海水养殖业资源配置效率较低,许多企业面临环保督察、经营管理、人力资源等诸多危机,产业技术进步贡献度不足。因此,提出如下建议：海南海水鱼养殖业需要在兼顾生态文明建设的前提下,政府需要制定长远的渔业发展规划;加快推进行业的分工与专业化的生产;通过兼并、强强联合加快推进规模经济,进一步提高产品附加值,提高产业综合竞争力。     

饲料中铜离子对斑节对虾血细胞组成、活性和免疫功能的影响

以不同铜离子添加量(0, 10, 25, 40, 55 和110 mg/kg)的饲料喂养斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)8 周,测定对虾的血细胞总数(THC), 并应用流式细胞术测定血细胞中含颗粒细胞(小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞)的比例、血细胞凋亡率、活性氧(ROS)含量和酯酶活性。结果显示, 当铜添加量为10～55 mg/kg 时, 与对照组相比, 对虾的THC、血细胞凋亡率、ROS 含量和酯酶活性均没有显著的变化(P>0.05); 铜添加量为25～110 mg/kg 时, 含颗粒细胞的比例显著提高(P<0.05); 铜添加量为110 mg/kg 时, ROS 含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 血细胞凋亡率高于25 和55 mg/kg 组(P<0.05), THC 低于55 mg/kg 组(P<0.05), 酯酶活性低于25mg/kg 组(P<0.05)。这些结果表明, 适宜的饲料铜含量有利于两类颗粒细胞的生成; 铜添加过量(110 mg/kg)会诱导血细胞ROS 的产生, 造成氧化损伤, 从而导致凋亡率上升和THC 下降。综上所述, 在本实验日粮条件下, 针对斑节对虾的血细胞功能, 其饲料中铜适宜添加含量范围为25～55mg/kg。     

Copper,chromium, and lead in Manukau Harbour sediments

A limited survey was undertaken to determine the concentrations of copper, lead, and chromium in sediments of the upper Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. The concentrations of copper and chromium (33–70 and 70–107 μg g^‐1 respectively) were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other New Zealand harbours. However, lead concentrations (98–247 μg g^‐1) were higher than those found for the other harbours. This may be a consequence of higher traffic densities in the surrounding area.     

Accumulation of Cu and Zn in discarded antifouling paint particles by the marine gastropod, Littorina littorea

The short-term (5 day) accumulation of Cu and Zn in different tissues of the marine gastropod, Littorina littorea, has been studied in the presence of 10 mg l⁻¹ of antifouling paint particles and pre- or simultaneously contaminated algal food (Ulva lactuca). Accumulation of Cu was observed in the head–foot, digestive gland–gonad complex and gills to extents dependent on how and when food was contaminated and administered. However, retention of Zn was only observed in the gills and only when L. littorea and U. lactuca were simultaneously exposed to paint particles. Relative to the alga, faecal material was highly enriched in Zn, suggesting that the animal is able to rapidly eliminate this metal, most likely through the formation and egestion of insoluble phosphate granules. Thus, L. littorea is a useful biomonitor of marine contamination by antifouling applications in respect of Cu but not Zn.     

辽宁省海洋服务新业态培育与法律保障研究

海洋服务业已成为海洋经济发展的重要引擎,"十三五"时期是辽宁省海洋经济加快转型升级的关键期,要求培育新动能、发展新模式。因此,培育海洋服务新业态对辽宁省海洋经济发展具有重要意义。文章针对辽宁海洋服务业发展滞后,规模偏小、区域发展不平衡,同质化严重、科技含量低,层次相对低下、与其他产业融合不足,资源整合较差等问题,提出培育海洋服务新业态重要路径为:积极发展四大产业,提高经济规模总量;优化产业区域布局,形成错位发展;提高科技含量,提升海洋服务业层次;促进海洋服务业与其他行业融合协调,提升资源整合度。法律保障措施为:完善法规体系、严格项目审批、提高执法水平、健全应急管理。     

福建省海洋工程装备产业现状与发展对策探讨

近年来,福建海洋工程装备产业进步显著,初步形成了以港口装卸、海上起重机、海底铺管、大型汽车滚装船等传统装备为主导的制造基地;同时,海水淡化核心装备、海洋防腐材料、水下作业机器人、游艇装备等新兴产业也取得了快速发展,但仍存在产业基础薄弱、整体产品低端、研发力量小且分散、试验研发平台严重不足等制约"瓶颈"。文章通过现场调研和资料查询分析了福建海洋工程装备产业的发展现状,总结归纳出当前制约产业发展的主要因素,明确发展思路,提出建设具有海西特色的海工装备制造业应发展海洋工程装备的重点领域、编制福建省海洋工程装备中长期发展规划和实施方案、提升海洋工程装备科技创新能力、制定海洋工程装备发展的扶持政策、构建比较完整的重点领域海洋工程装备产业链等对策与建议。     

舟山港口资源型城市发展初探

随着经济全球化的发展,港口在整个社会生产和流通中的地位越来越重要,港口资源的开发利用强度也越来越大,舟山等城市的港口职能化现象明显.如何确保港口资源型城市的可持续发展,是迫切需要解决的问题.以舟山这一典型的港口资源型城市为例,从舟山市的自身特点出发,在叙述该市港口和临港工业发展现状和存在问题的基础上,通过建模分析,提出舟山港口资源型城市可持续发展的若干对策建议.     

Fishing industry and related perspectives on the issues raised by no-take marine protected area proposals

In the face of growing calls for no-take marine protected areas (NTMPAs), the views of fishing industry representatives in south-west (SW) England on related issues are analysed. Only 23% thought NTMPAs were the way forward and a range of concerns were expressed, e.g. that the ‘terrestrial’ protected areas approach and related biodiversity conservation objectives will be extended to the seas, and that fish yield reductions from the loss of access to NTMPAs are very unlikely to be compensated for through spillover/export. Some interesting approaches to ameliorating these concerns emerged, such as being open and honest that NTMPAs are primarily intended to achieve biodiversity conservation benefits, reducing uncertainty concerning the potential for any secondary fisheries spillover/export benefits, justifying NTMPAs on an objective, rational basis rather than on a subjective, precautionary basis, and the quid pro quo streamlining of wider fisheries management approaches. This research reveals a more diverse range of perspectives amongst fishing industry representatives on the issues raised by NTMPA proposals than is often assumed.     

长岛县海洋产业结构优化研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪,科学利用海洋资源、发展海洋经济是实现人类社会可持续发展的重要途径。海岛地区,要在新一轮竞争中抢占发展先机、实现新的跨越,必须加快产业结构调整,推动产业转型提质增效。对此,以长岛为例,对海洋产业结构优化进行了专题研究。