Effects of heavy metals on the development and survival of abalone Haliotis midae larvae

Despite a growing abalone Haliotis midae industry in South Africa, few studies have measured the effects of heavy metals on larval survival and growth in the face of recent increases in marine pollution. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of copper on survival and zinc on development of H. midae larvae. Larvae 24 hours old were exposed to either copper (0–30 μg l^–1) or zinc (0–200 μg l^–1) for 48 h before mortality or larval development respectively were quantified. Copper significantly reduced survival, with an LC₅₀ of 5.58 μg l^–1 (5.07–6.15, 95% CI). Although the concentrations of zinc used in the study did not have a significant effect on mortality, there was a significant effect on the incidence of abnormal larvae with an EC₅₀ of 102.25 μg l^–1 (96.68–105.94, 95% CI). At concentrations above the EC₅₀, more than 50% of the larvae showed severe developmental abnormalities. Results suggest that copper poses the greatest risk to abalone larvae as the LC₅₀ was similar to the target concentration for this metal for South African coastal waters. By contrast, zinc is potentially less problematic, with the EC₅₀ for larval development being four times the target concentration for this metal.     

Fifty-five-year longevity for the largest member of the family Sparidae: the endemic red steenbras Petrus rupestris from South Africa

A previous study that explored the age and growth of red steenbras Petrus rupestris (Valenciennes, 1830), a large sparid (family Sparidae, seabreams or porgies) endemic to South Africa and reported to approach 2 m in length, provided estimates as a moderately slow-growing species with a maximum age near 30 years. The stock is considered collapsed and a fishing moratorium was imposed in 2012, resulting in this species being assessed as Endangered by the IUCN. One consideration in addressing population status is validation of life-history traits. In this study, estimates of age for red steenbras from thin-sectioned otoliths were reassessed visually in terms of both the original ages and revised estimates using a different age-reading pattern. The revised ages exceeded the original ages by up to 30 years, with a maximum estimated age of 55 years from a well-defined otolith section that provided a basis for the revised age-reading procedure. Bomb radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating revealed there was an offset in the timing of the ¹⁴C rise on the Agulhas Bank that, when coupled with considerations for regional oceanography, provided support for the revised age-reading pattern and an estimated longevity that exceeds 50 years. These findings were further supported by the fortuitous recapture of a tagged red steenbras that was at liberty for 22 years.     

饲料中铜离子对斑节对虾血细胞组成、活性和免疫功能的影响

以不同铜离子添加量(0, 10, 25, 40, 55 和110 mg/kg)的饲料喂养斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)8 周,测定对虾的血细胞总数(THC), 并应用流式细胞术测定血细胞中含颗粒细胞(小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞)的比例、血细胞凋亡率、活性氧(ROS)含量和酯酶活性。结果显示, 当铜添加量为10～55 mg/kg 时, 与对照组相比, 对虾的THC、血细胞凋亡率、ROS 含量和酯酶活性均没有显著的变化(P>0.05); 铜添加量为25～110 mg/kg 时, 含颗粒细胞的比例显著提高(P<0.05); 铜添加量为110 mg/kg 时, ROS 含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 血细胞凋亡率高于25 和55 mg/kg 组(P<0.05), THC 低于55 mg/kg 组(P<0.05), 酯酶活性低于25mg/kg 组(P<0.05)。这些结果表明, 适宜的饲料铜含量有利于两类颗粒细胞的生成; 铜添加过量(110 mg/kg)会诱导血细胞ROS 的产生, 造成氧化损伤, 从而导致凋亡率上升和THC 下降。综上所述, 在本实验日粮条件下, 针对斑节对虾的血细胞功能, 其饲料中铜适宜添加含量范围为25～55mg/kg。     

Copper,chromium, and lead in Manukau Harbour sediments

A limited survey was undertaken to determine the concentrations of copper, lead, and chromium in sediments of the upper Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. The concentrations of copper and chromium (33–70 and 70–107 μg g^‐1 respectively) were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other New Zealand harbours. However, lead concentrations (98–247 μg g^‐1) were higher than those found for the other harbours. This may be a consequence of higher traffic densities in the surrounding area.     

Comparison in copper accumulation and physiological responses of Gracilaria lemaneiformis and G. lichenoides (Rhodophyceae)

Heavy metal pollution has become a worldwide problem in aquaculture. We studied copper (Cu2+ ) accumulation and physiological responses of two red algae Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Gracilaria lichenoides from China under Cu2+ exposure of 0-500 μg/L in concentration. Compared with G. lemaneiformis, G. lichenoides was more capable in accumulating Cu2+ , specifically, more Cu2+ on extracellular side (cell wall) than on intracellular side (cytoplasm) and in cell organelles (especially chloroplast, cell nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosome). In addition, G. lichenoides contained more insoluble polysaccharide in cell wall, which might promote the extracellular Cu2+ -binding as an efficient barrier against metal toxicity. Conversely, G. lemaneiformis was more vulnerable than G. lichenoides to Cu 2+ toxin for decreases in growth, pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, phycobiliprotein, and β-carotene) content, and photosynthetic activity. Moreover, more serious oxidative damages in G. lemaneiformis than in G. lichenoides, in accumulation of reactive oxidative species and malondialdehyde, and in electrolyte leakage, because of lower antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase) activities. Therefore, G. lichenoides was less susceptible to Cu2+ stress than G. lemaneiformis.     

初论纳米比亚罗什皮纳地区斑岩型铜矿地质特征——以罗雷铜矿为例

纳米比亚罗什皮纳地区成矿地质条件优越,已发现罗雷铜矿、斯克皮铅锌矿、罗什皮纳铅铜矿及海伯超大型铜矿床以及多处Cu,Pb,Zn,Au及Bi等多处矿(化)点,可望形成铜、铅、锌、钼等多金属矿床集中区,找矿潜力巨大。该文在分析该区地质背景的基础上,总结了罗雷铜矿的地质特征,对其成因进行了探讨,并对罗雷铜矿和海伯铜矿之间的大部地区铜矿找矿潜力进行了展望,指出激发极化法是该区隐伏铜矿床勘查的有效物探手段。     

内蒙古克什克腾旗黄岗山锡铜矿激电测量方法应用分析

内蒙古克什克腾旗黄岗山锡铜矿区北部及中部为第四纪冰川遗迹,在植被极其发育的地表之下为冰渍物、残坡积物等组成的碎石层,厚度多大于3m,因此开展地表地质工作有一定的难度。为提高找矿效果,开展了1∶1万激电测量工作。通过对激电异常的查证分析,在DJH-1号激电异常南西侧边界,燕山早期似斑状中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩与两侧石英闪长岩、花岗斑岩的内、外接触带附近发现有多期次岩浆侵入,矿化蚀变强烈,目前共圈定锡矿体10个、铜矿体8个;圈定的矿体和发现的激电异常具有较好的对应性,为进一步开展地质勘查工作提供了重要的依据。     

太行山南段铜矿成矿时代厘定及成矿意义

太行山南段井陉-内丘一带是河北省重要的铜矿远景区,区内成矿条件优越。已有研究资料多将该区铜矿类型、成矿条件等与山西中条山铜矿富集区进行类比。由于缺少对铜的成矿时代的精确限定,致使无法对区内铜矿床的形成过程及成因进行较为准确的分析,制约着区域铜矿成因类型对比及找矿勘查工作部署。本文以区内桃园铜矿床及酸枣坪、虎寨口、鹿峪和方垴等四个铜矿化点为研究对象,采用Rb-Sr法测试分析了上述铜矿床及矿化点的矿石硫化物。测试结果显示,桃园铜矿不同硫化物对Rb-Sr等时线年龄在1829.6~1840Ma之间,酸枣坪铜矿点的形成时代为1830.7±5.2Ma,虎寨口铜矿点的形成时代为1844.3±5.9Ma。上述三个铜矿床(点)矿石硫化物Rb-Sr等时线年龄测试结果表明,在古元古代晚期区内有一次较为强烈的铜矿成矿作用,成矿时限在1830~1844Ma之间。而方垴和鹿峪两个铜矿化点矿石硫化物测年结果与上述三个铜矿床(点)形成时间有较大差异,Rb-Sr等时线测年结果分别为1402±23Ma和1376±37Ma,说明在中元古代长城纪末期区内仍有一次铜矿化作用发生。结合华北地台构造演化过程,太行山南段古元古代晚期第一次铜矿化与山西中条山胡-篦型铜矿形成时代接近,铜矿床的形成与吕梁运动关系密切。由于太行山南段铜矿(点)分布区地处陆内构造环境的晋豫裂陷带,而山西中条山铜矿富集区处于秦岭-大别活动带的北缘的"秦岭古洋"壳向华北地台俯冲环境,构造环境差异可能导致两区在铜矿形成潜力及规模上存在一定差异。与区内第一次铜矿化作用相比,发生在中元古代长城纪末期的第二期铜矿化在成矿规模及强度上均较弱,其成矿动力学机制有待进一步分析确定。     

Constraining the timing of porphyry mineralization in northwest Iran in relation to Lesser Caucasus and Central Iran; Re–Os age data for Sungun porphyry Cu–Mo deposit

The Neo-Tethyan subduction in Iran is characterized by the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA), formed by northeast-ward subduction of the oceanic crust beneath the central Iran. This belt coincides with the porphyry copper metallogenic belt that comprises several metallogenic zones, including Ahar–Jolfa in northwest Iran. The Ahar–Jolfa metallogenic zone encompasses two main batholiths of Qaradagh and Sheyvardagh and numerous intrusive bodies of Cenozoic, which have produced many base and precious metal deposits and prospects. The former is considered as continuation of the Meghri–Ordubad pluton in South Armenian Block (SAB), which also hosts porphyry copper deposits (PCDs). The Sungun PCD is the largest occurrence in northwest Iran. Rhenium-Osmium ages of Sungun molybdenites are early Miocene and range between 22.9 ± 0.2 and 21.7 ± 0.2 Ma. Comparison of the ages obtained here with published ages for mineralization across the region suggests the following sequence. The earliest porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization event in northwest Iran is represented by Saheb Divan PCD of late Eocene age, which is followed by the second epoch of middle Oligocene, including the Cu–Mo–Au mineralization at Qarachilar and the Haftcheshmeh PCD. Mineralization in Sungun, Masjed Daghi, Kighal and Niaz deposits corresponds to the third mineralization event in northwest Iran. The first epoch in northwest Iran postdates all Eocene mineralizations in SAB, while the second epoch is coeval with Paragachay and the first-stage of Kadjaran PCDs. Its third epoch is younger than all mineralizations in SAB, except the second stage in Kadjaran PCD. Finally, the Cu mineralization epochs in northwest Iran are older than nearly all PCDs and prospects in Central Iran (except the Bondar Hanza PCD), altogether revealing an old to young trend along the UDMA and the porphyry Cu belt towards southeast, resulted from diachronous, later closure of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic basin in central and SE Iran.     

大兴安岭北段富林矽卡岩铜矿床成因:印支期含矿岩浆源区特征、蚀变矿物学及勘查意义

新近发现的印支期富林矽卡岩铜矿床位于大兴安岭北段新林区新林镇东约90km。矿区发育与成矿直接相关的花岗岩和侵入花岗岩中的花岗斑岩,矿体主要赋存于花岗岩与古元古代兴安桥组大理岩和早奥陶世黄斑脊山组钙质粉砂岩接触带内。富林矿床矿化与矽卡岩密切相关,整个矿化过程可分为两期:矽卡岩期和石英-硫化物期,5个阶段:早期矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、氧化物阶段、早期硫化物阶段和晚期硫化物阶段,其中铜矿化主要发生在早期硫化物阶段。硫化物主要包括黄铜矿和黄铁矿,并含少量闪锌矿、方铅矿、斑铜矿等。蚀变类型包括石榴子石-透辉石矽卡岩化、阳起石-透闪石矽卡岩化、绿帘石矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、绢云母-粘土化、钾长石化和局部角岩化。电子探针分析(EMPA)结果表明:矿区内的石榴子石属钙铝-钙铁榴石系列,主要为钙铁榴石,辉石为透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,以透辉石为主,闪石主要为透闪石、阳起石以及少量镁绿钙闪石和铁浅闪石,帘石为黝帘石-绿帘石系列。黑云母以镁铁黑云母和铁叶云母为主,绿泥石主要为密绿泥石和铁叶绿泥石,长石以正长石和钠长石为主。石榴子石成分剖面显示从核部到边部,石榴子石呈现出钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石交替变化的环带特征,且Fe~(3+)含量的逐渐升高暗示后期成矿流体氧逸度升高,结合黑云母Mg-Fe~(3+)-Fe~(2+)图解,说明富林矽卡岩型铜矿床形成于较强的氧化环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果显示花岗岩形成于~253Ma,花岗斑岩形成于~244Ma,为大兴安岭地区一期新的成矿事件。锆石原位Hf同位素测试结果表明,花岗岩εHf(t)介于-1.60~2.23,花岗斑岩εHf(t)介于-3.53~1.90,二者均具有古老的两阶段模式年龄,结合前人对区域构造背景的研究,认为富林花岗质岩石可能来自于松辽地块和兴安地块后碰撞背景下俯冲板片断离软溜圈上涌导致古老下地壳的部分熔融并卷入少量地幔物质而形成的岩浆。花岗斑岩及与斑岩有关的脉状矿化和蚀变的出现暗示富林地区可能存在印支期的斑岩型矿床,此外结合石榴子石、辉石成分特征以及辉石Mn/Fe比值与世界矽卡岩矿床对比,指出富林矿区外围找矿应综合考虑铜、钼、铁、金、铅、锌等矿化组合。