一种地震共反射点道集数据的叠前反演方法

叠前地震资料含有地层的纵波、横波速度和密度等信息。利用叠前反演获得隐藏在地震数据中的这些基本参数后,即可揭示大量岩性及孔隙流体性质的信息。这里推导了平面波在层状弹性介质中传播的正演算子,提出了一种基于Brent正交搜索方向组的叠前三参数反演方法．该方法不需要求解庞大而复杂的导数矩阵。通过自适应退火因子和罚函数来处理约束条件,提高了算法的稳定性。将K—L变换引入到方向置换过程,有效防止了搜索方向组的线性相关。经理论模型和油田实际数据的反演结果表明,该反演方法是一种利用叠前地震数据进行储层预测的有效手段。     

Deformation-induced polymorphic transformation: experimental deformation of kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite

Torsion experiments were performed on the Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs in the sillimanite stability field to determine basic rheological characteristics and the effect of deformation on polymorphic transformation. The experiments resulted in extensive transformation of andalusite and kyanite to sillimanite. No transformation occurred during the hot-press (no deformation) stage of sample preparation, which was carried out at similar P–T conditions and duration as the torsion experiments. Experiments were conducted on fine-grained (< 15 µm) aggregates of natural andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite at 1250 °C, 300 MPa, and a constant shear strain rate of 2 × 10^− 4/s to a maximum shear strain of 400%. Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis of the experiments revealed development of lattice-preferred orientations, with alignment of sillimanite and andalusite [001] slightly oblique to the shear plane. The kyanite experiment could not be analyzed using EBSD because of near complete transformation to sillimanite. Very little strain ( 30%) is required to produce widespread transformation in kyanite and andalusite. Polymorphic transformation in andalusite and kyanite experiments occurred primarily along 500 µm wide shear bands oriented slightly oblique and antithetic to the shear plane and dominated by sub-µm (100–150 nm) fibrolitic sillimanite. Shear bands are observed across the entire strain field preserved in the torsion samples. Scanning transmission electron microscope imaging shows evidence for transformation away from shear bands; e.g. fibrolitic rims on relict andalusite or kyanite. Relict grains typically have an asymmetry that is consistent with shear direction. These experimental results show that sillimanite is by far the weakest of the polymorphs, but no distinction can yet be made on the relative strengths of kyanite and andalusite. These observations also suggest that attaining high bulk strain energy in strong materials such as the Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs is not necessary for triggering transformation. Strain energy is concentrated along grain boundaries, and transformation occurs by a dynamic recrystallization type process. These experiments also illustrate the importance of grain-size sensitive creep at high strains in a system with simultaneous reaction and deformation.     

基于整数小波和非负有序独立成分分析的遥感影像融合

结合ICA算法可以去除高阶冗余信息和IWT具有多分辨率、运算速度快的特性,在非负性条件的约束下,提出一种基于整数小波变换和非负有序独立成分分析(IWT-ONICA)的遥感影像融合方法。将该方法用于全色影像和多光谱影像的融合,数理统计(峰值信噪比、扭曲度、熵等)和目视判读结果表明,该方法融合效果优于其他方法,融合结果更加清晰,可视性更好。     

Spatial operations in a GIS-based karst feature database

This paper presents the spatial implementation of the karst feature database (KFD) of Minnesota in a GIS environment. ESRI’s ArcInfo and ArcView GIS packages were used to analyze and manipulate the spatial operations of the KFD of Minnesota. Spatial operations were classified into three data manipulation categories: single layer operation, multiple layer operation, and other spatial transformation in the KFD. Most of the spatial operations discussed in this paper can be conducted using ArcInfo, ArcView, and ArcGIS. A set of strategies and rules were proposed and used to build the spatial operational module in the KFD to make the spatial operations more efficient and topographically correct.     

氮类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律试验研究

在分析氮物质迁移过程的基础上,借助于土柱物理模型试验装置,试验研究了氮类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律,得到了NH₄+-N、NO₃--N在土柱内的时空变化过程。在分析实测资料后,建立了考虑氮的迁移和转化的数学模型。根据实测资料和数学模型的数值解,运用最优化技术率定模型参数,参数验证结果与独立的实测值吻合良好。     

麻粒岩相条件下熔融反应与矿物相转变机制的实验研究

麻粒岩相条件下石榴黑云斜长片麻岩实验结果表明,含水矿物黑云母(Bi)脱水熔融、长英质矿物部分熔融的性质主要受控于温度条件;而矿物相转变不仅受控于温压条件,而且与脱水熔融、部分熔融存在密切成因联系。依据Bi脱水熔融性质和石榴石(Gi)转变反应特征,可划分以下三个阶段:(1)当温度在700℃时,Bi转变为钛铁矿(Ilm)+磁铁矿(Mt)+H_2O,Gt转变为Mt,(2)当温度在730—760℃,Bi脱水熔融为富K_2O熔体(Melt)+Ilm+Mt,Gt转变为紫苏辉石(Hy)+堇青石(Crd);(3)当温度大于790℃时,Bi脱水熔融为Melt+Hy+Ilm+Mt+H_2O,Gt则转变为Hy+尖晶石(Sp)+Crd组合。熔体比例和熔体演化特征除受温压条件控制外,与长英质矿物部分熔融程度和脱水熔融性质关系密切。实验结果显示,在麻粒岩相变质作用以及与其相伴随的重熔作用(或区域性混合岩化作用)过程中,不仅存在传统的固相+固相(或流体相)的反应和脱水熔融反应,而且存在熔体参与的变质反应(即:未熔矿物与熔体之间的反应)。该项实验对深入探讨麻粒岩相矿物演化的成因机制及其动力学意义提供可靠的实验依据。     

基于MapObjects 2.1控件的地图投影变换方法的实现

为了在同一地理信息系统内或者不同的地理信息系统之间实现数据交换、配准和共享以及对其进行空间叠加、缓冲区分析、最佳(短)路径分析等空间分析,必须保证其在统一的坐标系下具有相同的地图投影,因此地图投影变换显得尤为重要.采用Visual Basic 6.0作为软件开发平台,利用MapObjects控件编程实现了各种常见地图投影之间的任意变换.     

位置线及其定位导航软件系统

本文对位置线的基本理论和应用进行了较系统的研究,对一些理论问题的深化和系统化做了有成效的工作;并结合军事和新技术,探讨了位置线理论在电子地图定位导航软件系统中的应用问题,编制了内容丰富的软件(包括:基础计算软件、地图投影变换软件、专题数学要素软件、无线电定位导航软件、GPS定位导航软件),成为《位置线定位导航软件系统》的重要组成部分。     

基于Geodatabase的CAD数据到GIS的解决方法

由于CAD系统与GIS在数据结构上存在着较大的差异，这使得其数据往往不能很好地满足GIS的要求。本文在分析目前CAD数据到GIS数据转换存在问题的基础上，利用ArcGIS的Geodatabase数据模型，探讨了基础地形图和规划CAD数据在转入GIS数据库中的逻辑组织、分层设计和属性设计等解决方案。但要从根本上解决CAD数据到GIS格式数据的转换的问题，还是需要一个“国家空间数据格式标准规范”的出台。     

工业测量全站仪坐标测量精度检定方法

全站仪坐标测量在航空航天、大型设备制造业、特种异形工程和计量检测等领域有广泛应用,其坐标测量误差是最受关注的精度指标。与激光跟踪仪、关节臂等坐标测量技术不同,全站仪的标称精度指标并未直接给出点位坐标误差,而是分别给定测角和测距误差。由于国内外目前还缺乏将测角和测距精度对应到坐标精度的相应规范,这就导致不能直观反映全站仪的实际坐标测量精度,给具体测量工作的坐标精度估算带来一定难度。基于以上现状,提出了基于点对点长度测量和三维坐标测量误差的检定模型;并利用3种不同类型的工业测量全站仪进行了实验测试,验证了该检定模型的可行性。