基于CASS和ArcGIS的新月形沙丘属性参数提取

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地选取新月形沙丘演变监测区,运用华测X90 GNSS接收机RTK工作模式,获取精度达毫米级的沙丘表面高时空分辨率三维坐标,应用地藉成图软件CASS 9.0和地理信息数据分析软件ArcGIS 10.0对三维坐标数据进行处理,提取新月形沙丘的坡长、坡角、高度、宽度、脊线长度、两翼距离和夹角、体积、表面积和投影面积、坡度坡向等属性信息数据,多期监测数据叠加分析,求算沙丘侵蚀堆积量、移动速度和移动方向等沙丘演变信息。结果表明：在第1次和第2次监测期间,代表性新月形沙丘处于堆积增大状态,堆积量51.4 m³,移动速度16.0 m·a^-1左右,移动方向226°45',沙丘移动方向与主风向NE一致。基于CASS和ArcGIS的新月形沙丘属性参数提取,是量化研究沙丘形态演变过程和位置迁移动态、明确沙丘演变中各属性参数间数值关系的有效途径。     

数字测图中的坐标变换方法

针对数字地图的特点,探讨数字测图中的坐标变换方法,总结了一套作业思路和方法,使外业测图不需提前单独进行控制测量,且设站灵活,内业能够充分利用各种满足精度要求的测量数据和数字图进行数字化成图。配以少量控制点,该模式也可在大面积数字测图中使用。从而可减少外业工作量,显著提高工效。     

国家坐标系与城市坐标系转换方法的探讨

国家坐标系与城市坐标系之间的坐标转换是测绘实际作业过程经常遇到的一个技术难题,本文利用一个实例对相似转换法和多项式逼近法进行了比较研究,结果表明:对于大中型城市(大约方圆100公里左右),多项式逼近法的转换结果要优于相似转换法。     

Factors and mechanism driving the land-use conversion in Jiangxi Province

This article explores the factors and mechanism driving the land-use conversion at regional level by developing and using an econometric approach which is called the simultaneous equations model (SEM). A case study in Jiangxi Province of China is conducted by establishing the SEM, which consists of three equations including agricultural production, land conversion of cultivated land to built-up area and land conversion of cultivated land to forest cover/grassland from 1988 to 2005. And then this paper employs the method of piecewise estimation to represent the influences of the factors such as population, society, economy, location and geophysical conditions on the process of land-use conversion in Jiangxi Province. Estimation results show that population is a predominant factor driving the land-use conversion at counties, while social and economic factors are determinant factors in the short term for the entire Jiangxi Province. Specifically, the size of agricultural population and the magnitude of agricultural input determine the agricultural production to a large extent; population size, plain area proportion at counties and land management policies together affect the direction and magnitude of conversion between cultivated land and built-up area; agricultural population proportion, terrain slope, grain production and non-agricultural industry promote the conversion of cultivated land to forest cover/grassland. Furthermore, the explored mechanism also reveals the underlying causes of the land use changes driven by a series of factors in Jiangxi Province. Finally, this paper concludes that factors proven to play an important role in driving the land-use conversion need to be considered when the land management agencies make out the land use planning to optimize the land use, expand the agricultural production, and conserve the cultivated land.     

GPS实时动态差分坐标转换残差改正方法

针对GPS RTK测量中坐标系转换参数因选择的公共点不同而导致转换误差的问题,该文提出了一种坐标转换残差改正方法:利用测区任意已知点进行"点校正"来求取坐标转换参数,通过测定各个已知点的坐标转换残差,建立残差改正模型,对测量结果施加残差改正,减小坐标转换参数误差对测量结果精度的影响。实例应用表明:所提出的坐标转换方法简便可行且便于编程实现,对于提高GPS-RTK测量精度和可靠性具有实用价值。     

An estimate of Atlantic Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) resources

An interhemispheric box model of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is modified by replacing the tropical box with two vertically resolved sub-domains. Seawater flows from large-scale ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) are allowed in one of the tropical sub-domains. Under present conditions and standardized OTEC operations, steady-state net power production density would reach a maximum of about 80 kW/km² (corresponding to 1.8 TW) with a cold seawater withdrawal per unit area of about 14 m/yr. This maximum reflects the impact of large OTEC flows on the oceanic thermal structure, although the THC would not be significantly affected. It is larger than a recently suggested worldwide value of the order of 30 kW/km² because of the relative strength of the Atlantic THC. Under asymmetric high-latitude warming scenarios potentially representative of current climatic trends, a substantial weakening or a reversal of the THC are possible. In the former case, recoverable OTEC resources could practically vanish. In the latter case, the emergence of a stronger reverse THC eventually could boost OTEC resources. Such events are hypothetical and would unfold over centuries, but the mere possibility of their occurrence challenges the accepted notion that OTEC resources are forever renewable.     

地方坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系转换方法的研究

探讨我国常用坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系的转换方法.以平面四参数、三维七参数数学模型为基础,分析其不同转换模型的内涵和适用性,并以MATLAB为平台实现常用坐标系到CGCS2000国家大地坐标系的转换,转换结果达到厘米级,满足实际工作的精度要求.     

干旱地区高盐度水面蒸发试验研究

通过新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验场中的不同矿化度EФ20蒸发器水面蒸发试验研究,得出高盐度水面蒸发的一般规律。通过数据对比分析,表明在外部环境条件相同时,高盐度水面蒸发量与矿化度之间呈显著负相关关系,即矿化度越高,水面蒸发越微弱,反之则蒸发越强烈,这主要是由于水体中的盐分子对水分子的吸引力作用造成的。根据实测数据拟合出水面蒸发量与矿化度之间的函数关系,并计算出高盐度水面蒸发折算系数。     

基于VB6.0的高斯投影坐标转换的实现

介绍了高斯投影坐标转换的方法,包含坐标的正算和反算。具体来说就是经纬度坐标（B,L）转换为本椭球系的平面直角坐标（x,y）,以及平面直角坐标（x,y）转换为相应椭球系的经纬度坐标（B,L）。本文还介绍了转换软件的开发过程、功能及其转换精度的验证。     

Future impacts of drivers of change on wetland ecosystem services in Colombia

Wetlands are among the most valuable ecosystems in the world due to their delivery of ecosystem services (ES), but they are particularly vulnerable to drivers of land-use change. However, little is known about how different wetlands respond to drivers of land-use change and how that impacts their delivery of ES. After extreme floods hit Colombia in 2010–2011, negative impacts from these storms heightened the interest of Colombian policy-makers in understanding and recognizing the importance of wetlands. Here, we present a map with 19 wetland types for Colombia and assess the ES that these wetlands deliver and how those ES are impacted by drivers of land-use change. We based our spatial analysis on the Corine Land Cover data for Colombia and combined that with spatial indices derived from knowledgeable experts using the matrix approach and participatory mapping (PGIS). The most vulnerable wetland types identified were floodplain forests, riparian wetlands, freshwater lakes and rivers. The region of Magdalena-Cauca has been identified as the most vulnerable to the impacts of land-use change, until 2025. We discuss our results in light of the current Colombian policy-debate which concerns the designation of wetlands as strategic ecosystems. This designation implies necessary restrictions or prohibition of harmful activities in wetlands, principally mining and industrial agriculture.