达州独立坐标系平面控制网测量方法探讨

达州市独立坐标系GNSS网测量中,联测6个IGS参考站点,按B级网的要求解算出了4个控制点在CGCS2000椭球下的独立坐标,并将此作为GNSS控制网的起算数据对剩余23个GNSS控制点进行了平差处理,经过实例分析,该方法可以满足独立坐标系建立要求。     

油气管道工程中投影长度变形的处理

为了减小投影长度变形对油气管道工程的影响,对影响长度变形的每个因素进行了理论分析,并对不同位置和不同高程的投影长度变形进行了实际统计和数据分析,总结了投影长度变形的规律。针对油气管道工程的特点,分别对线路工程、穿跨越工程和场站工程提出了相应投影长度变形的不同处理方案,提高了测量成果的转换精度,避免了施工测量中烦琐的投影长度变形计算,为高精度施工提供了数据保障,同时也为水利、铁路、公路等线性工程测量提供了可借鉴的经验。     

GLONASS/BDS单历元单频RTK定位研究

天空中导航卫星的可见数不断增加对整周模糊度的解算带来了有利的影响,极大改善了GNSS单历元单频RTK定位的精度和可靠性。针对GLONASS/BDS组合定位时的时空基准统一问题进行了分析;并针对GLONASS信号频分多址的特点,对GLONASS/BDS单历元单频RTK定位的数学模型进行了研究;最后通过实测数据对模型可行性进行了验证。结果表明,GLONASS/BDS单历元单频RTK定位是可行的,并且在北向上的定位精度要优于BDS单历元双频RTK定位。     

Pleiades卫星图像正射纠正方法

Pleiades卫星图像是一种应用时间尚短的新型遥感图像,目前还缺少对其专用的正射纠正处理方法。为此,以湖北省大冶—阳新地区的6景Pleiades图像为例,在Visual Studio 2008环境下,采用C#语言开发了针对Pleiades图像有理多项式系数(rational polynomial coefficients,RPC)文件格式的转换软件包,用于将Pleiades图像的RPC文件格式转换为IKONOS图像的RPC文件格式,并采用ERDAS9.2中的IKONOS图像的正射纠正模型对其进行纠正。该方法解决了对Pleiades图像进行正射纠正所需要解决的相关问题,开发的RPC文件转换程序可以用于批量的Pleiades卫星RPC文件格式转换,提高了转换效率和准确性,为大规模应用Pleiades图像奠定了基础。     

杭州市典型雨转雪天气成因及预报模型

利用2008—2018年的NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料、常规气象观测资料和降雪加密观测资料,选出杭州地区10次典型的雨转雪天气过程,从大尺度环流背景和动力、水汽以及热力因子等物理量场结构方面展开研究,最终得出杭州冬季典型雨转雪天气的预报模型:①大尺度环流配置需满足能为雨转雪天气的形成提供有利的水汽、动力抬升以及中低层上暖下冷的逆温或等温层结条件;②水汽和动力因子等物理量须满足产生纯雪的特定条件;③杭州温度层结须为T_(2m)≤1.5℃、T_(925)≤-4.0℃、T_(850)≤0℃、T_(700)≤-1.0℃和T_(500)≤-10.0℃。此外,进一步补充了杭州可能产生大雪甚至暴雪量级降雪的特定条件。最终选取2019年初的2次典型降水过程进行预报回报检验。     

Two modes of the silk road pattern and their interannual variability simulated by LASG/IAP AGCM SAMIL2.0

In this study, two modes of the Silk Road pattern were investigated using NCEP2 reanalysis data and the simulation produced by Spectral Atmospheric Circulation Model of IAP LASG, Version 2 (SAMIL2.0) that was forced by SST observation data. The horizontal distribution of both modes were reasonably reproduced by the simulation, with a pattern correlation coefficient of 0.63 for the first mode and 0.62 for the second mode. The wave train was maintained by barotropic energy conversion (denoted as CK) and baroclinic energy conversion (denoted as CP) from the mean flow. The distribution of CK was dominated by its meridional component (CK _y ) in both modes. When integrated spatially, CK _y was more efficient than its zonal component (CK _x ) in the first mode but less in the second mode. The distribution and efficiency of CK were not captured well by SAMIL2.0. However, the model performed reasonably well at reproducing the distribution and efficiency of CP in both modes. Because CP is more efficient than CK, the spatial patterns of the Silk Road pattern were well reproduced. Interestingly, the temporal phase of the second mode was well captured by a single-member simulation. However, further analysis of other ensemble runs demonstrated that the successful reproduction of the temporal phase was a result of internal variability rather than a signal of SST forcing. The analysis shows that the observed temporal variations of both CP and CK were poorly reproduced, leading to the low accuracy of the temporal phase of the Silk Road pattern in the simulation.     

Geoeffective Analysis of CMEs Under Current Sheet Magnetic Coordinates

Using 100 CME–ICME events during 1997.01–2002.11, based on the eruptive source locations of CMEs and solar magnetic field observations at the photosphere, a current sheet magnetic coordinate (CMC) system is established in order to statistically study the characteristics of the CME–ICME events and the corresponding geomagnetic storm intensity. The transit times of CMEs from the Sun to the Earth are also investigated, by taking into account of the angle between the CME eruption normal (defined as the vector from the Sun center to the CME eruption source) and the Sun-Earth line. Our preliminary conclusions are: 1. The distribution of the CME sources in our CMC system is obviously different from that in the ordinary heliographic coordinate system. The sources of CMEs are mainly centralized near the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and the number of events decreases with the increment of the angular distance from the CME source to the HCS on the solar surface; 2. A large portion of the total events belong to the same–side events (referring to the CME source located on the same side of the HCS as the Earth), while only a small portion belong to the opposite–side events (the CME source located on the opposite side of the HCS as the Earth). 3. The intense geomagnetic storms are usually induced by the same–side events, while the opposite side events are commonly associated with relatively weak geomagnetic storms; 4. The angle between the CME normal and the Sun–Earth line is used to estimate the transit time of the CME in order to reflect the influence of propagation characteristic of the CME along the Sun–Earth direction. With our new prediction method in context of the CMC coordinate, the averaged absolute error for these 100 events is 10.33 hours and the resulting relative error is not larger than 30% for 91% of all the events.     

WGS-84与北京54坐标的转换问题

GPS测量得到的是WGS-84中的地心空间直角坐标，而工程施工中通常使用地方独立坐标系，要求得到地方平面坐标。如何实现两者的转换，一直是工程施工中关心的热点问题。介绍了从GPS定位结果至平面坐标的两种转换模型。平面转换模型原理简单，数值稳定可靠，但只适用于小范围的GPS测量；空间转换模型可用于大范围GPS测量，按实际情况又分为7参数转换和3参数转换两种。鉴于54坐标点的大地高通常不能精确得知，对这两种转换方法得到的平面坐标的精度进行了比较，得出大地高精度主要表现为对高程的影响，对平面坐标影响较小的结论。此外，还讨论了7参数与3参数模型对转换结果的影响。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing. Terrain Analysis and Remote Sensing . JOHN R. G. TOWNSHEND , ed. Environmental Data Use in Computer-assisted Data Handling Systems: The Results of a Survey of Applications in the Pacific Northwest States . KENNETH E. GORDON . Applied Land Use: A Spatial Approach . JOHN F. LOUNSBURY , LAWRENCE M. SOMMERS , AND EDWARD A. FERNALD , eds. The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carre Riverfront-Expressway Controversy . RICHARD O. BAUMBACH , JR. AND WILLIAM E. BORAH . Cultural Environmental Archaeology . MYRA SHACKLEY . The Immoral landscape: Female Prostitution in Western Societies . RICHARD SYMANSKI . life Among the Poor in Cairo . UNNI WIKAN , translated by Ann Henning. Women, Work and Property in Northwest India . URSULA SHARMA . The Domestication of Women: Discrimination in Developing Societies . BARBARA ROGERS Economic Optimization in Locational and Transport Analysis . A. G. WILSON , J. D. COELHO , S. M. MACGILL , H. C. W. L. WILLIAMS . New Tools for Economic Development: The Enterprise Zone, Development Bank, and RFC . GEORGE STERNLIEB AND DAVID LISTOKIN , eds. Regional Wage Inflation . R. L. MARTIN , ed. Finding A Place For Energy-Siting Coal Conversion Facilities . FRANK J. CALZONETTI WITH MARK S. ECKERT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Environmentalism. Second Edition . T. O'RIORDAN . Countryside Conservation . BRYN GREEN . Medical Spatial Diffusion: An Historical Geography of Epidemics in an Island Community . A. D. CLIFF , P. HAGGETT , J. K. ORD , AND G. R. VERSEY . Philosophy and Geographic Thought Order and Skepticism: Human Geography and the Dialectic of Science . RICHARD SZYMANSKI AND JOHN A. AGNEW . Measurement of Subjective Phenomena . D. F. JOHNSTON , ed. Conceptions of Space in Social Thought: A Geographic Perspective . ROBERT DAVID SACK . The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-five Years: 1904-1979 . PRESTON E. JAMES AND GEOFFREY J. MARTIN . The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman . GEOFFREY J. MARTIN . Physical River Basin Planning: Theory and Practice . SURANJIT K. SAHA AND CHRISTOPHER J. BARROW , eds. Soils and landforms: An Integration of Ceomorphology and Pedology . A. I. GERRARD Climatic Change and Society. Consequences of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide . WILLIAM W. KELLOGG AND ROBERT SCHWARE . Political Political Redistrictings and Geographic Theory . RICHARD L. MORRILL . Population Studies in Spanish American Population History: Dell Plain Latin American Studies NO. 8 . DAVID J. ROBINSON , ed. Population Redistribution in the Midwest . CURTIS C. ROSEMAN , ANDREW J. SOFRANKO , AND JAMES D. WILLIAMS , eds. Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly . A. M. WARNES , ed. Regional Perspective On the American South . MERLE BLACK AND JOHN SHELTON REED , eds. The Prairies and Plains: Prospects for the 80s . JOHN R. ROGGE , ed. Rural Rural Settlement in an Urban World . MICHAEL BUNCE . Social Accident at Three Mile Island: The Human Dimensions . DAVID L. SILLS , C. P. WOLF , AND VIVIEN B. SHELANSKI , eds. The American Small Town: Twentieth-Century Place Images . JOHN JAKLE . Urban A House of My Own . SUSAN LOBO . The City: Patterns and Processes in the Urban Ecosystem . CHRISTOPHER H. EXLINE , GARY L. PETERS , AND ROBERT P. LARKIN . Movement in Cities . P. W. DANIELS AND A. M. WARNES . Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society . MICHAEL DEAR AND ALLEN J. SCOT , eds.     

用等效磁源法进行磁异常转换

用等效磁源法实现常规磁异常换算(延拓、求导、假重力异常换算、化磁极)的模型计算算例显示了等效源法在使用上的灵活性和方便性。与频率域换算方法相比,说明了等效源法换算结果更优于频率域换算结果。