COOLING RATES, SKY VIEW FACTORS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTRA-URBAN AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES

Intra‐urban cooling rates were monitored for a year in the centre of Göteborg on the Swedish west coast. Five sites with different building geometry ‐ from dense canyon to open space ‐ within a radius of 300 m were analysed. Results showed two modes of cooling during the night. In the first mode, the cooling was site‐dependent ‐the open space cooled the most and the dense canyon the least. In the second mode, which began about 3–4 hours after sunset, all sites cooled at the same rate. Our hypothesis is that in the early part of the evening both radiative divergence and sensible heat dominate the cooling. However, as the evening progresses, a spatially homogeneous inversion is established which controls the radiative cooling, making the cooling independent of both surface geometry and surface type. From April to November the sites cooled rapidly around sunset and the cooling slowly decreased during the rest of the night. However, between December and March, the cooling was less intense, with an almost constant rate during the entire night. It has been suggested that this might be the result of the draining of stored solar heat during the summer and a continuous flux of anthropogenic heating during the winter.     

阿拉斯加巴罗AB—67钻孔岩芯的沉积环境分析

巴罗ＡＢ－６７钻孔岩芯的４８个样品被进行了２５个项目的粒度分析和４４个项目的地球化学分析。本文对这些数据进行了Ｑ型因子分析,并得到了４个主因子。研究表明,这４个因子分别代表了沉积环境的四项指标,它们分别为沉积速率,降水,海平面和温度。从岩芯顶部５个样品与巴罗气象台观测记录研究了古温度和古降水的转换函数,从＾２１０Ｐｂ测年和几个环境事件确定了沉积速率的转换函数。     

民族文化资源的类型特征及成因分析——以格萨尔（果洛）文化生态保护实验区为例

由人类非物质文化遗产《格萨（斯）尔》史诗派生出的格萨尔文化是青藏高原地区独特的区域文化形态。文化资源是文化的载体和展示形式,具有价值性和不可替代性。研究格萨尔文化资源的分类、空间分布及成因对于探讨青藏高原地区人地关系,保护人类非物质遗产有非常重要的意义。果洛藏族自治州是格萨尔文化资源最为富集的区域,并于2014年被授予格萨尔文化生态保护实验区。本文首先对格萨尔文化资源进行界定和分类,并以果洛为例,探讨格萨尔文化资源的空间分布特征及与自然地理条件（高程、水源、坡度、坡向、可达性）的关系,并分析影响文化资源分布的原因,得出以下结论：① 格萨尔文化资源可以分为4大类,11个亚类和60个子类,果洛的格萨尔文化资源覆盖全部类型,共1189个;② 果洛格萨尔文化资源空间分布具有聚集性,其中A类文化人（团体）类集聚程度最高,并通过最近邻分析和密度分析对各类文化资源的集聚空间进行识别;③ 格萨尔文化资源的空间分布与自然地理条件有关,多位于海拔相对较低、距水源地较近的位置,不同类型的文化资源分布对坡度、坡向和可达性的关系不同。     

Sensitivity Analysis of a Feedforward Neural Network for Considering Genetic Mechanisms of Kuroko Deposits

Exploration for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the kuroko-type is underway in many places. Clarifying the spatial patterns of the metals in kuroko deposits will be useful for understanding their genetic mechanisms and for future exploration of such types of deposits. This study represents a spatial distribution analysis on the contents of principal metals of kuroko deposits: Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the Hokuroku district, northern Japan, by a feedforward neural network and 1917 sample data at 143 drillhole sites. The network, which consists of three layers, was trained by the principle of SLANS in which the numbers of neurons in the middle layer and training data are changed to improve estimation accuracy. Using the weight coefficients connecting adjacent neurons, sensitivity analysis of the neural network was carried out to identify factors influencing spatial distributions of the three metals. The coordinates depth (z) direction, Bouguer gravity, and specific lithology such as dacite were determined to be influencing factors. The high frequency of the z coordinate signifies that the metal contents differ to a large extent by depth. The sensitivity vector was defined using sensitivity coefficients for x, y, and z coordinates of an estimation point. We determined that the directions of large vectors were different inside and outside of the Hanawa-Ohdate area. This characteristic is considered to originate from the differences in the permeability of fractures that became the paths for rising ore solutions, and the depths that the solutions mixed with sea water.     

中国重点产业创新产出时空分异及影响因素

采用Mann-Kendall、Theil指数、空间马尔科夫链等方法,对1994-2014年中国十大重点产业创新产出时空演化进行分析,并对创新发展空间分异成因进行了探讨。研究表明：① 研究期内,中国重点产业创新产出分为两个时段,成果呈指数型增长;② 创新产出差异先增后减,东、中、西、东北板块间差异小于板块内部,创新产出发展呈现出传染扩散与等级扩散的双重特征;③ 邻域环境影响创新发展,创新产出水平发生类型转移的单元集中在东、中部地区,且活跃度不断提升;④ 经济社会与政策条件、高等教育基础条件对重点产业创新发展有明显的正向驱动作用,而工业化程度影响微弱,未来加强对高等教育基础与智力资本的投入可进一步增强重点产业创新发展竞争力。     

Economic Notes

Abstract

This article introduces the development and validation of the spatial thinking ability test (STAT). The STAT consists of sixteen multiple-choice questions of eight types. The STAT was validated by administering it to a sample of 532 junior high, high school, and university students. Factor analysis using principal components extraction was applied to identify underlying spatial thinking components and to evaluate the construct validity of the STAT. Spatial components identified through factor analysis only partly coincided with spatial concepts used to develop the questions that compose the STAT and with the components of spatial thinking hypothesized by other researchers.     

基于多元要素流的珠三角城市群功能联系与空间格局分析

以珠三角城市群9个地级市为研究对象,结合当前热点网络开放大数据,对珠三角城市群内各城市的经济流、交通流、人口流和信息流的联系强度和作用方向进行测算与评价。借助赋值法分别对四种要素流的总量进行打分,以各城市的综合得分作为空间层级划分依据,提出关于“点—线—面”的空间互动格局,进而探索珠三角城市群未来的发展规划。研究结果表明：①从各要素流的联系强度上看,城市间的等级划分具有较高的重合度,说明四种要素流彼此之间相互联系、相互作用。从各要素流的作用方向上看,广州和深圳多作为区域内其它城市的首位空间联系城市,说明各要素流通常指向经济发展水平较高、通达性较好的城市。②从整体来看,珠三角城市群内部功能互动表现极度不平衡,一是中心城市占据了要素流强度的绝大部分,其余城市仅占据极小部分流量,两极分化严重;二是东西两岸发展不平衡,东岸发展水平明显要强于西岸发展水平。③广州、深圳、东莞和佛山等城市虽然在区域内起到了一定的辐射和带动作用,但是针对江门、肇庆等周边城市的辐射和带动强度仍有待提升,说明还需进一步优化珠三角城市群功能分工与产业布局,推进区域经济一体化。     

中国民营上市企业总部空间格局及影响因素

民营企业是拉动中国经济发展的重要力量,分析民营上市企业总部的空间格局及影响因素,对了解民营企业发展现状,促进中国经济可持续发展具有重要意义。通过分析2008—2017年中国民营上市企业数据,研究发现：①以长三角为代表的华东地区是中国民营上市企业主要集聚区,但所占比重在下降,而以京津冀为代表的华北地区近年来发展较快,全国民营上市企业重心略向北移动。②中国民营上市企业以第二产业为主,第三产业占比呈上升趋势,但远低于第二产业,第三产业热点城市明显较少,空间集聚性也较弱;第一产业占比很少,仅在1%左右。③中国民营上市企业第二产业和第三产业存在向长三角、珠三角和京津冀经济圈的大城市聚集的趋势。④社会消费品零售总额和GDP是影响中国民营上市企业营业收入的主要因素,相对于第二产业,第三产业的主要影响因素更为多变。     

中国港口时空格局演变及影响因素分析

港口是水路运输的枢纽和重要节点,对区域经济的发展起着重要作用。以我国规模以上港口为研究对象,运用指数分析与齐夫定律对近年来我国港口规模的区域差异、等级规模变化进行分析,通过灰色关联度模型确定影响港口规模的主要因素,结果发现:我国港口吞吐量增长迅速,以外贸运输为主;港口规模的区域差异与规模等级差异逐步缩小,各港口吞吐量呈现位序-规模分布,分形结构由单分形转为双分形,齐夫参数呈下降趋势;不同省级行政单元经济水平对港口规模影响存在差异,分为区域拉动型、外向经济型、腹地中转型和补充导向型。     

旧石器时期以来新疆文化遗址分布特征及驱动因素

运用最近邻指数和耦合分析方法,研究了旧石器时期至近现代新疆432处文化遗址时空分布特征及驱动因素。结果表明：（1）新疆文化遗址属于聚集分布模式,集中分布在以12个聚集区为主的丝绸之路南道、中道、北道和塔城-阿勒泰地区4个带。中道和北道的遗址数量约占总量的80.11%。（2）新疆文化遗址可划分为旧石器-商朝、西周-秦朝、汉代-南北朝、隋唐-五代、宋元明、清朝-近现代6个时期,不同时期遗址分布重心经历了塔城-阿勒泰→丝绸之路南道和中道→丝绸之路中道和北道→丝绸之路中道的演变。（3）文化遗址的格局演化与历史时期新疆自然和人文因素等有很好的耦合关系,文化遗址的快速发展期（如西汉、隋唐）与气候的相对凉湿期、中原政权的强盛、屯垦的高潮期、丝绸之路的繁荣期相对应。（4）文化遗址空间分布主要受控于自然因素,而时间变迁更多的是受人文因素的影响。早期自然因素的影响大,而后期人文力量起主导作用,是新疆文化遗址变迁与自然和人文耦合关系的总规律。