城市空间相互作用理论模型的演进与机理

城市空间相互作用理论是城市地理学的重要基础理论。由于城市空间相互作用模型发端于西方,我国这方面的研究相对较晚,主要是引进和实证,在理论研究上还有待深入。本文分析了几种主要城市空间相互作用理论模型的机制和原理,考虑到断裂点模型应用较广,经过了较多的实践验证,重点探讨了该模型的缺陷、演进和扩展形式,从理论上论证了将空间分割原理和断裂点模型结合的扩展模型的科学性和合理性。对城市空间相互作用理论模型的研究,不仅可以为城市规划、城市影响空间和城市经济区的划分以及行政区划调整提供理论基础,而且对物流分析、设施选址、市场影响力的分析等也具有重要的指导作用。从分析城市空间相互作用理论模型演进的过程中还可以得到深刻的启发：地理学以复杂的自然、人文现象为研究对象,是一门边缘学科,又是一门实践性很强的学科。地理学应积极借鉴其他学科最新的理论、技术与方法是十分必要的,是推动其自身发展的关键所在。     

Shear-wave splitting in the southeast of Cathaysia block, South China

This study is focused on Fujing Province in China, southeast of Cathaysia block (SECB). The present work benefits from the data provided by the Fujian Seismic Network (FJSN) to study the seismic anisotropy in the crust. By means of a systematic analysis and adequate software package, we examine shear-wave splitting from data recorded at ten FJSN stations during the period January 1999 to December 2003. The results demonstrate that the average fast wave polarization is N109.4° E ± 42.6°, corresponding to the horizontal principal compressive stress in the test zone, and the average normalized slow wave time delay is 2.5 ± 1.5 ms/km. The predominant polarizations at stations in the eastern part of SECB are in the N–W direction, which suggests that they are related to the regional horizontal principal compressive stress and also to the strikes of faults. In contrast, the predominant polarizations at two stations in the western part of SECB are in the N–E direction. This polarization direction does not coincide with the direction of the horizontal principal compressive stress, but it follows the strikes of near faults, thus suggesting the influence of the local tectonics and a change in the stress field. The results prove that the predominant polarizations are parallel to the strikes of faults whenever the stations are on active faults. At a few stations near the coastal line, some polarizations show a certain amount of scatter which may be caused by crossing faults and irregular topography. Finally, the spatial distribution of time delays depicts strong lateral variations near the coast just where the seismic activity is comparatively bigger, so that the magnitude of anisotropy seems to be consistent with the most seismically active area.     

Crustal wide-angle reflection imaging along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in Guangdong province,China

A 400 km-long wide-angle seismic experiment along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in South China was carried out to study contact relationship between southeast continental margin of Yangtze block and northwest continental margin of Cathaysia block. We reconstructed crustal wide-angle reflection structure by the depth-domain pre-stack migration and the crustal velocity model constructed from the traveltime fitting. The wide-angle reflection section shows different reflection (from crystalline basement and Moho) pattern beneath the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, and suggests the Wuchuan-Sihui fault is the boundary between them. A cluster of well-developed reflections on Moho and in its underlying topmost mantle probably comes from alternative thin layers, which may be seismic signature of strong interaction between crust and mantle in the tectonic environment of lithosphere extension.     

关于渗流的力及其应用

饱和渗流是岩土体失稳的重要因素。叙述了渗流产生的消极破坏力“浮力”和积极破坏力“渗透力”。较详细地讨论了渗流各力之间的相互转换关系及其在管涌滑坡问题中的正确应用;并特别推荐引用渗透力计算滑坡问题具有简便、精确的优点。并指出了在计算中和设计规范中引用渗流力方面的误解。     

锦45块储层流动单元

正确地划分储层流动单元,对预测剩余油分布、调整开发方案、提高采收率都具有重要意义。采用多参数的聚类分析和模糊综合评价相结合的方法进行储层流动单元的划分,在此基础上应用BP网络技术对流动单元进行预测。研究表明,本区储层可以划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 4类流动单元:其中Ⅰ类是该区储集性能最好的储层流动单元,虽然开发程度较高,大部分井已经关闭,但个别井目前仍具有一定的生产能力;Ⅱ类是该区储集性能较好的储层流动单元,水淹的程度较低,还存有一定的剩余油,是目前油田生产的主要区域;Ⅲ类是该区储集性能较差的流动单元,开发效果一般,动用程度较差,所以是油田进一步挖潜的区域;Ⅳ类是该区储集性能最差的流动单元,原始含油性很差,因此不是剩余油分布的主要区域。对各类流动单元特征进行了精细的分析,为油田综合治理提供了详细的地质依据。     

白鹤滩河谷演化模拟及P2β3玄武岩级别评估

详细分析了白鹤滩坝址河谷边坡柱状节理玄武岩岩体地质条件和特征,建立了合适河谷边坡演化离散元的计算模型,考虑坝址关键地层P2?3可能的岩体质量范围进行了多种工况河谷演化模拟计算。在此基础上深入研究了各工况河谷现今阶段边坡应力分布、变形情况、屈服区及稳定系数等基本规律,并与目前河谷实际的地质条件及现状进行了全面对比。最后采用拟似度信息量评分法对P2?3岩层工程级别进行了初步评定,认为白鹤滩水电站可行性研究阶段坝址P2?3岩层按III1类质量岩体来评估其工程性状和确定相应岩体力学参数较适合。同时,坝址河谷边坡岩体的工程特性可参考相应工况的模拟结果评价。     

基于网络加权Voronoi图分析的南京市商业中心辐射域研究

道路网络在城市社会和经济活动中发挥重要作用.它是联系商业中心与需求间的桥梁.道路系统的更新与变化必然会对它们的关联产生影响Voronoi图足划分势力空间的有效工具,基于道路网络分析构建的加权Voronoi图可以模拟城市商业中心功能辐射的实际情形.本文给出了基于道路网络分析的Voronoi图和加权Voronoi图构建方法.通过对各种Voronoi图的比较分析,认为基于网络路径时间分析构建的加权Voronoi面域图在商业中心辐射域模拟中最为有效.将空间相互作用和断裂点理论与网络加权Voronoi面域图相结合.模拟不同交通条件下南京市商业中心辐射域空间格局及其需求覆盖变化,并提取了辐射域的覆盖面积、覆盖人口、最远辐射路径距离和平均辐射路径距离等信息.对商业中心的地铁邻近度与其辐射域的扩张面积进行相关分析.采用域邻接矩阵描述空间划分平衡与不平衡之间的相互转变过程,可分析道路系统变更后商业中心之间空间竞争的变化趋势.分析结果表明商业中心的地铁邻近度与辐射域的扩张具有较大的相关性,快速轨道交通在商业中心空间竞争中发挥关键作用.     

倒楔运动与地震带的关联性研究

研究认为,地震是楔块运动引起的,楔块运动的主要动力来自于楔块内部的隐爆一均衡作用。“两堑夹一垒”是楔块运动系统的基本形式。研究发现,大洋中脊地震带、环太平洋地震带和大陆裂谷地震带（以郯庐断裂地震带为例）均位于“两堑夹一垒”楔块系统中,其中一垒的活动,即倒楔的运动与地震带紧密相关。     

Crustal velocity structures and their tectonic implications in different tectonic block regions of the Chinese mainland

In this paper,the typical velocity structures and average velocities of the crust in six different active tectonic block regions are presented on the basis of previous studies and their tectonic implications are discussed. The results show that different tectonic units have different features of crustal velocity structures. In general,there are low velocity distributions in the crust in regions with strong tectonic activities,and the scales of low velocity distributions are related to the tectonic activitie...     

中国大陆特大地震的地震调整作用初步研究

为合理估计汶川8.0级特大地震后中国大陆的地震形势,本文通过对中国大陆特大地震后地震活动的统计分析,初步获得了对中国大陆特大地震调整作用的一些认识:①特大地震发生后1年内,除余震区外,中国大陆其他地区的地震活动以应力调整为主线,发生7级以上地震的可能性较小;②调整作用主要发生在西部的青藏活动地块区;③青藏地块区特大地震对华北地块区的地震调整作用较小.