Free rocking response of a regular stone masonry wall with equivalent block approach: experimental and analytical evaluation

The evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of rocking elements is directly correlated to the energy dissipated because of the impacts at the base interface, which can be represented by means of a coefficient of restitution. This schematization is commonly accepted as representative of the out‐of‐plane response of stone masonry walls. An experimental campaign (in a lab environment) aiming at assessing the value of this coefficient for a sacco granite masonry wall is presented in this work. The rocking motion at a predefined bed joint level was induced in the tested specimens in order to validate a novel test setup designed to assess the coefficient of restitution value by means of a realistic reproduction of the rocking behaviour of a single element, under the hypothesis of an infinitely stiff system above the bed joint level. As the main objective of the work was to assess the rocking behaviour of a masonry wall that looses energy at the impacts at a certain joint level, the flexural behaviour was not desirable and had to be avoided. For this purpose, a test setup based on the equivalent block approach was developed. In the final section of this work, comparisons between experimental and numerical results are presented together with some preliminary conclusions on the appropriate modelling strategy and the values of the coefficient of restitution to be used for the seismic assessment of the out‐of‐plane rocking behaviour of this type of sacco stone masonry walls. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用两次新疆于田MS7.3地震对 图像信息方法可预测性的检验

以青藏构造块体为研究区域, 采用以往利用图像信息方法预测M7.0地震得到的较好的计算参数(网格尺度为1平方度, 预测时间窗口为8年), 系统计算了青藏构造块体1993年以来的“地震热点”图像, 特别研究了两次于田M_S7.3地震前后的图像信息演化过程, 并通过ROC方法和R值评分方法检验, 对图像信息方法在该地区的预测效能进行评价. 结果表明: ① 2008年3月21日于田M_S7.3地震和2014年2月12日于田M_S7.3地震均发生在地震热点上, 且发生在平均发震概率随时间变化的峰值点年份. ② 在回溯性检验的时间段内青藏构造块体共发生9次M≥7.0地震, 其中6次地震前震中附近均有稳定的地震热点出现, 包括两次于田M_S7.3地震. 1996年喀喇昆仑山口M_S7.1地震及2008年汶川M_S8.0地震只在个别预测时间窗内出现地震热点, 并没有出现稳定的地震热点演化过程, 而1996年丽江地震发生前震中附近则没有出现地震热点. 该结果与前人研究结果存在差异, 值得进一步研究. ③ ROC检验和R值评分结果均显示图像信息方法在本文采用的模型参数下对大地震具有较好的中长期预测效果. 本文还根据目前存在的地震热点给出了青藏高原块体2014年以后M7.0地震发生概率高的3个可能地区.      

Groundwater recharge assessment in a rural,arid, mid-mountain basin in North-Central Chile

ABSTRACT

A basic component of any hydrogeological study is the magnitude and temporal variation of groundwater recharge. This can be difficult to assess accurately, particularly in arid and semi-arid rainfed mid-mountain zones, as is the situation in the rural, low population density zones of North-Central Chile. In this study, recharge in the Punitaqui Basin, North-Central Chile, was characterized, contrasting the results of two methods: a modified Thornthwaite-Mather (MTM) and discharge recession analysis (DRA). We found a recharge rate of between 1 and 4% of average annual precipitation. Average recharge estimated by the MTM method is consistently higher than that estimated by DRA. Also, DRA tends to smooth the recharge values, resulting in a lower inter-annual variation coefficient. Both methods identified a threshold value of total annual precipitation, above which recharge can be expected to occur, of the order of 180 mm year^?1, consistent with values reported in similar areas.     

节理面构成块体的概率公式及其工程应用

利用块体理论和概率分析理论,建立了同时考虑节理面间距和延展性随机特性的情况下构成块体体积的理论公式,据此分析了节理间距、延展性随机特性与构成块体体积的关系,进而得到了具有实用价值的计算公式,该公式结合可动块体分析方法,可以有效地解决赤平投影难以计算小型结构面构成块体体积的问题。工程实例表明,该公式具有实用性和应用前景。     

澳大利亚西北大陆架Bonaparte盆地Sahul区块Elang组成岩作用

Elang组是Bonaparte盆地Sahul区块的主要含油气层,属于浅海相三角洲前缘沉积,钻探结果表明研究区该套储层的物性呈现出"南好北差"的特点。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜和X光衍射等多种方法和手段重点研究了Elang组砂岩的成岩作用特征。研究表明该套砂岩在区块南北的物理和化学成岩作用均不同,北部地区处于中成岩阶段的A1期,主要发育胶结、溶蚀等成岩作用;南部储层处于中成岩阶段的A2期和B期,主要发育机械压实和胶结、交代等成岩作用。这种差异成岩作用是影响储层孔隙发育的主控因素之一,也是导致储层物性北好南差的主要原因。研究这种差异性对于寻找有利储层发育区具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

青藏高原东南缘腾冲早白垩世岩浆岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成及其构造意义

早白垩世花岗闪长岩和石英二长岩是腾冲地块内重要的岩石类型,以舍角闪石为特征,其高钠低钾和偏铝质性质展示其Ⅰ型花岗岩的属性.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明花岗闪长岩和石英二长岩分别侵位于122±1.3Ma和125±1.3Ma,其锆石εHf(t)值分别为-9.6～-4.8(平均-6.7±0.7)和-7.8～-4.7(平均-6.3±0.6),对应的单阶段模式年龄为979～1190Ma和975～1113Ma.在εHf(t)-U-Pb年龄图解上所有样品都落在球粒陨石线和下地壳线之间区域,以及较高的Al2O3含量和Th/Hf比值揭示其壳源特征,但锆石εHf(t)值变化范围较大,其绝对值远小于完全由壳源物质部分熔融形成的岩浆岩,以及高Th/Yb、低Ba/La和Yb/Hf比值说明除壳源外,还有幔源组分的加入.岩石富钠贫钾、在微量元素蛛网图和稀土配分曲线图上展示出LILE(Rb、Sr、K和Ba)相对原始地幔强烈富集,Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti和Eu负异常,以及微量元素和常量组分判别图解都显示其形成于俯冲碰撞的构造环境.腾冲早白垩世岩浆岩的形成时代、锆石Lu/Hf同位素组成及其对应的单阶段模式年龄、微量元素特征与中拉萨和拉萨地块东缘的火成岩非常相似,暗示腾冲早白垩世岩浆岩带是中拉萨岩浆岩带的东南延伸部分,是对中特提斯洋壳沿班公湖-怒江缝合带向拉萨-腾冲地块下俯冲碰撞的响应.     

滚石在平台上的运动特征分析

危岩体;滚石;平台;运动距离;现场试验;滚动摩擦系数     

Marginal accretion processes of Jiamusi Block in NE China: Evidences from detrital zircon U-Pb age and deformation of the Wandashan Terrane

The eastern segment of Central Asian Orogenic Belt underwent not only a long evolution history related to the Paleo-Asian Ocean during Paleozoic but also the tectonic overprinting by the westward subduction of Paleo-Pacific Ocean crust during Mesozoic. When the subduction of Paleo-Pacific Ocean crust started has been long debated issue for understanding the tectonic evolution of the eastern Asian continental margin. The eastern margin of the Jimusi Block (Wandashan Terrane) preserved complete records for the accretionary process of the westward subduction of Paleo-Pacific Ocean crust. Comprising the Yuejinshan Complex and Raohe Accretionary Complex (RAC), the Wandashan Terrane is located in the eastern margin of Jiamusi Block, NE China, and is considered to be an accretionary wedge of the westward subducting oceanic crust. To reconstruct the marginal accretion processes of the Jiamusi Block, the structural deformation of the Wandashan Terrane was investigated in the field and the geochronology of the Dalingqiao and Yongfuqiao formations were studied, which were formed syn-and-post RAC accretion respectively. The Yuejinshan and Raohe complexes were discontinuously accreted to the eastern margin of the Jiamusi Block. Contrary to the previous consideration of the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, this study suggests that the Yuejianshan Complex in southwest Wandashan Terrane probably accreted from Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian, which was driven by unknown oceanic crust subduction existing to the east (present position) of the Jiamusi Block at that time. The siltstones of the Dalingqiao Fm. yield the youngest zircon U-Pb age of 142 ± 2 Ma, indicating the emplacement of the RAC not earlier than the Late Jurassic. Thus, the RAC might start to accrete from the Jurassic and emplace during 142–131 Ma, resulted from the Paleo-Pacific subduction which started from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic.     

富县天然气井直井优快钻井技术优化与应用

为解决富县区块天然气井钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、井下复杂情况多等问题,开展了优快钻井技术研究。总结分析了富县气井钻井施工难点,通过岩石可钻性研究、岩屑滚动回收实验和处理剂筛选实验,同时结合现场应用,优选出各钻井参数。优选出一批能适应该区地层特征,耐磨性强,进尺效率高的钻头;优选钻具组合,采用转盘 螺杆的复合钻进方式;为保障井下安全,优选了钾铵基聚磺钻井液体系。现场应用表明,平均钻井周期由优化前80.96 d缩短至41.02 d,平均缩短39.94 d,缩短49.35%,井下事故复杂情况大大减少,为富县区块天然气井优快钻井提供了有力的技术支持。     

Subduction initiation of Indochina and South China blocks: insight from the forearc ophiolitic peridotites of the Song Ma Suture Zone in Vietnam

The Song Ma region, which is located in the northwestern Vietnam represents the zone of amalgamation between Indochina and South China blocks. Numerous scattered ultramafic rocks occur in this region in association with Early to Middle Palaeozoic greenschists and paragneisses, and all these rocks were subjected to hydrous metamorphism and deformation. Here, we present new field data, mineral chemistry and geochemistry from a suite of hydrated peridotites within the Song Ma region and discuss the tectonic significances of the region. We also combine the available data within the Song Ma region and Indochina–South China blocks to discuss the tectonic evolution of the subduction zone. Based on the results, we suggest that the peridotites from the Song Ma are mantle residues that suffered a high degree of partial melting in a forearc tectonic setting. The present data together with the available data within the Song Ma region and the Indochina and South China blocks clearly represent a southward directed Middle Palaeozoic subduction system. The Middle Palaeozoic subduction and accretion events mark the evolutionary history along an active convergent margin between the Indochina and South China blocks, possibly related to the amalgamation of the Pangaea supercontinent. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.