青藏高原羌塘南部冰海杂砾岩的成因与物源——以冈玛错地区为例

青藏高原及其邻区石炭纪—二叠纪地层中广泛分布的漂砾层、杂砾岩、含砾板岩等是一套特殊的冰海相沉积岩,称为冰海杂砾岩,前人已对它的成因环境做了初步的研究,但没有获得统一的结论。本次以青藏高原羌塘南部冈玛错地区冰海杂砾岩的砾石为研究对象,观察它们的野外特征和镜下特点,并对与冰海杂砾岩互层产出的石英砂岩做了粒度分析。结果表明,冰海杂砾岩是在冈瓦纳大陆冰川呈消融状的情况下,冰阀搬运沉积的产物。通过碎屑锆石和岩性对比,初步认为冰海杂砾岩的物源为冈瓦纳大陆,并简单论述了冰海杂砾岩各类砾石的可能来源。以上研究成果为探讨冈瓦纳大陆的沉积环境提供了依据。     

欧亚大陆及边缘海岩石圈的结构特性

从地球层块结构的研究思路出发,运用构造解析的理论和方法,对东亚及西太平洋地区人工地震测深和天然地震面波层析成像进行构造解析,发现岩石圈中下部存在形态各异、大小不等的高速块体,结合地质学、地球化学及其他地球物理学标志的综合研究将其称为幔块构造,高速块体或幔块构造是控制东亚西太平洋岩石圈构造格局和岩石圈表层构造变形最基本条件之一。在系统研究该区岩石圈高速块体或幔块构造三维几何结构基础上,建立起东亚西太平洋岩石圈八种三维几何结构型式:克拉通陆根状结构、高原陆根状结构、造山带楔状结构、碎块状结构、香肠状结构、哑铃状结构、藕节状结构和板状结构,以及岩石圈形成与构造演化四种构造类型:克拉通型岩石圈、增厚型岩石圈、减薄型岩石圈和大洋型岩石圈。文章在详细论述岩石圈各结构构造类基本特征的基础上,认为全球最大的青藏高原具有增厚型岩石圈特性,存在大陆根,并且大陆根正在增厚过程中;地震层析成像显示,研究区存在全球最大的东亚大陆巨型裂谷体系,具有减薄型岩石圈特性,新生代晚期东亚大陆巨型裂谷体系被西太平洋沟弧盆体系叠加与改造。根据岩石圈三维结构型式,探讨了岩石圈形成机制与演化模式,东亚大陆边缘岩石圈大规模伸展拆沉减薄作用以及软流圈和地幔物质上涌加热作用与青藏高原岩石圈大规模俯冲碰撞?入增厚作用是东亚大陆及边缘海晚中生代以来地幔动力学最基本的表现型式,从而形成全球最大的青藏高原和全球最大的东亚大陆巨型裂谷体系。     

中国大陆及邻近地区上地幔顶部Sn波速度层析成像

利用《中国地震年报》中43646条Sn射线的走时资料,采用层析成像方法反演了中国大陆地区上地幔顶部的Sn波速度结构. 主要结果是：①全国平均Sn速度为4.55km/s,速度变化量从-0.14km/s到+0.15km/s. ②整体上中国Sn速度分布是东低西高,塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地、吐鲁番—哈密盆地以及柴达木盆地东端、四川盆地及其南部地区等是明显的高Sn速度区,鄂尔多斯地台和台湾海峡也是Sn速度较高地区,整个华北盆地、渤海湾东部、山西北部和郯庐断裂带,Sn速度都比较低. 另外,长江中下游地区、青藏高原北部和南北地震带地区,Sn速度也较低. ③ Sn速度变化分布和构造活动、地壳厚度以及大地热流变化有关,分别求得了速度与地壳厚度和大地热流的线性回归方程. ④ Sn速度变化和Pn速度变化的区域分布总体上是吻合的.     

Geochemical discrimination of tectonic setting for Devonian basalts of the Yarrol Province of the New England Orogen,central coastal Queensland: An empirical approach *

Fault blocks and inliers of uppermost Silurian to Middle Devonian strata in the Yarrol Province of central coastal Queensland have been interpreted either as island-arc deposits or as a continental-margin sequence. They can be grouped into four assemblages with different age ranges, stratigraphic successions, geophysical signatures, basalt geochemistry, and coral faunas. Basalt compositions from the Middle Devonian Capella Creek Group at Mt Morgan are remarkably similar to analyses from the modern Kermadec Arc, and are most consistent with an intra-oceanic arc associated with a backarc basin. They cannot be matched with basalts from any modern continental arc, including those with a thin crust (Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes) or those built on recently accreted juvenile oceanic terranes (Eastern Volcanic Front of Kamchatka). Analyses from the other assemblages also suggest island-arc settings, although some backarc basin basalt compositions could be present. Arguments for a continental-margin setting based on structure, provenance, and palaeogeography are not conclusive, and none excludes an oceanic setting for the uppermost Silurian to Middle Devonian rocks. The Mt Morgan gold–copper orebody is associated with a felsic volcanic centre like those of the modern Izu–Bonin Arc, and may have formed within a submarine caldera. The data are most consistent with formation of the Capella Creek Group as an intra-oceanic arc related to an east-dipping subduction zone, with outboard assemblages to the east representing remnant arc or backarc basin sequences. Collision of these exotic terranes with the continent probably coincided with the Middle–Upper Devonian unconformity at Mt Morgan. An Upper Devonian overlap sequence indicates that all four assemblages had reached essentially their present relative positions early in Late Devonian time. Apart from a small number of samples with compositions typical of spreading backarc basins, Upper Devonian basalts and basaltic andesites of the Lochenbar and Mt Hoopbound Formations and the Three Moon Conglomerate are most like tholeiitic or transitional suites from evolved oceanic arcs such as the Lesser Antilles, Marianas, Vanuatu, and the Aleutians. However, they also match some samples from the Eastern Volcanic Front of Kamchatka. Their rare-earth and high field strength element patterns are also remarkably similar to Upper Devonian island arc tholeiites in the ophiolitic Marlborough terrane, supporting a subduction-related origin and a lack of involvement of continental crust in their genesis. Modern basalts from rifted backarc basins do not match the Yarrol Province rocks as well as those from evolved oceanic arcs, and commonly have consistently higher MgO contents at equivalent levels of rare-earth and high field strength elements. One of the most significant points for any tectonic model is that the Upper Devonian basalts become more arc-like from east to west, with all samples that can be matched most readily with backarc basin basalts located along the eastern edge of the outcrop belt. It is difficult to account for all geochemical variations in the Upper Devonian basalts of the Yarrol Province by any simplistic tectonic model using either a west-dipping or an east-dipping subduction zone. On a regional scale, the Upper Devonian rocks represent a transitional phase in the change from an intra-oceanic setting, epitomised by the Middle Devonian Capella Creek Group, to a continental margin setting in the northern New England Orogen in the Carboniferous, but the tectonic evolution must have been more complex than any of the models published to date. Certainly there are many similarities to the southern New England Orogen, where basalt geochemistry indicates rifting of an intra-oceanic arc in Middle to Late Devonian time.     

甘肃北山地区基本构造格局和成矿系列特征

甘肃北山地区并不存在具分割洋-陆板块构造意义的缝合带或蛇绿岩带,主体由东天山和塔里木两大古陆系统构成。两大古陆系统的碰撞拼合带或界线大体位于方山口—黑山—碱泉子一线,以北归属东天山古陆系统,以南归属于塔里木古陆系统。按其内的地层时代、沉积建造、岩浆作用、地壳结构等特征,可将东天山古陆系统从北往南划分为北山岛弧带、北山（白山）晚古生代弧后盆地裂陷（谷）带和北山中央古陆断隆带3个Ⅱ级结构单元,空间上三者构成一个从岛弧—弧后盆地—前陆基底带的洋-陆过渡性的地壳结构。南侧的塔里木古陆系统则经历了初始陆核向成熟陆壳发展演化的地史过程,按不同地段的地壳结构和构造作用特征将其划分为（从北往南）塔里木古陆陆缘早古生代裂陷带、红柳园-大奇山-天仓古生代多旋回裂谷带和塔里木前陆基底带3个Ⅱ级构造单元。在此基础上,根据相关的成矿响应特征综述了不同构造单元的成矿系列。     

中国大陆及邻区地震活动周期及显著性检验

本文针对中国大陆及邻区和中国大陆地区的不同起始震级的地震资料的不同时间段、 不同数据预处理的地震应变能(贝尼奥夫应变)进行小波分析, 研究不同区域的地震活动周期谱及其显著性水平(即置信度), 结果表明: ① 在中国大陆及邻区的地震活动周期谱中, 23年左右周期的置信度超过95%; 45年和90年左右周期的置信度为90%左右。 ② 中国大陆地区存在明显的25年左右周期, 置信度超过95%, 而其它周期并不明显。 ③ 无论是中国大陆地区还是中国大陆及邻区, 同一个周期的置信度随计算资料的起始震级减小而降低。 特别是中国大陆地区和大陆及邻区都存在置信度超过95%的23～25年周期对于地震的活跃与平静预测具有现实意义。 而中国大陆及邻区地震活动的数十年或百年尺度的周期在地震趋势估计中是不应该被忽视的因素。     

INTERDECADAL CHANGE OF DIABATIC FORCING OVER KEY REGION OF THE MARITIME CONTINENT AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONS WITH THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON ANOMALIES

The Maritime Continent(MC) is an important region where the Tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean interact with each other via "the atmospheric bridge" and a key region for the interaction between the Asian and Australian monsoons. Using the NCEP/NCAR and CMAP monthly mean reanalysis over the period of 1979-2012, the interdecadal variations of diabatic forcing over the key region of the Maritime Continent and its possible relations with the East Asian summer monsoon have been investigated in the present paper. Our results show that climate variations in the Maritime Continent is particularly significant in the area of 95-145°E, 10°S-10°N, which is thus defined as the key area of the MC(i.e., KMC area). Without the input of latent heat release in the atmosphere, distinct interdecadal change of diabatic heating is found to exist from 1979 to 2012; it intensified before 1980 s and peaked in the late 1980 s and weakened after this period. By analyzing each individual component that contributes to the diabatic heating in the KMC area, surface latent heat flux and net long-wave radiation in the atmosphere are found to be the two dominant components. With negative diabatic heating anomalies over KMC, there will be more precipitation on islands and less precipitation over sea, and more rainfall around the equator, which is in correspondence with the convergence center around the equator in the KMC area. Along the meridional-vertical section averaged between 115-120 ° E, the well-defined vertical circulation anomalies are observed with the ascending branches over KMC and the area around 30°N respectively, and the descending branch over the South China Sea. Water vapor transports from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea to eastern China to benefit the positive precipitation anomalies. The meridional-vertical circulation in East Asia plays a critical role in linking the interdecadal variability of diabatic heating over the KMC and East Asian summer monsoon anomalies.     

H2O content of deep-seated orogenic continental crust: the Ulten Zone,Italian Alps

To estimate the amount of H₂O stored at lower crustal levels after burial, we considered the pile of migmatitic paragneisses in the Variscan Ulten Zone as a case study area. We constructed a pseudosection in the system K₂O-Na₂O-CaO-FeO-MnO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂-H₂O for an average paragneiss, a relevant prograde PT path (8.5 kbar, 600°C; 11.5 kbar, 750°C; 14.0 kbar, 1000°C) and H₂O contents between 0 and 10 wt.%. Based on an assemblage of garnet?+?biotite?+?white mica?+?kyanite?+?20–30 vol.% former melt (now represented mainly by leucosomes composed of plagioclase?+?quartz), a bulk H₂O content of 3.2 ± 1.1 wt.% was estimated for a peak temperature ranging between 770 and 800°C. Before melting, somewhat less than 1.8 wt.% H₂O was stored in minerals. Thus, a considerable amount of H₂O must have either resided in pore spaces along grain boundaries or, much less likely, infiltrated the paragneisses from below. Evidently, significant quantities of H₂O as a free phase may be stored in buried sialic crust, resulting in considerable melting of deep-seated rocks during continent–continent collision.     

Basic Characteristics of Present Movement of Major Tectonic Blocks in China‘s Continent

In order to study the present crustal movement and geodynamics in China‘s continent, a countrywide GPS monitoring network consisting of 22 stations was set up evenly on major tectonic blocks in China‘s continent in the early 1990s. Three-phase observations using the network were carried out in 1992, 1994, and 1996, respectively. In this paper, the data processing and accuracy of the three-phase observations are examined and the basic characteristics of present block movement in China‘s continent are analyzed based on the data of three-phase repeated observations. The study result indicates that the accuracy of data obtained in three-phase observations on the GPS network reaches 10-8 ～ 10-9, which is adequate to the need of monitoring of crustal movement. A model for block movement in China‘s continent constructed based on the result of the three-phase observations has effectively tested the results of geological and geophysical studies. In global framework, China‘s continent as a whole shows its clear eastward motion and its regional movement relative to Siberian block is characterized by that the western China is mainly affected by northward subduction and pushing of Indian Plate. Qinghai-Xizang Plateau shows clear eastward lateral slip simultaneously with longitudinal compression. It is more favorable to the escape model for the continent. Block movement of eastern China is under the combined effect of Indian, Pacific,and Philippine plates, resulting in northeastern and eastern motions of eastern China up to southeastern coastal region where the effect of Philippine Plate strengthens.     

西太平洋俯冲带的研究及其动力学意义

讨论了西太平洋俯冲带的分布及特征、西太平洋Ｗａｄａｔｉ－Ｂｅｎｉｏｆｆ带的形态及俯冲带上的应力状态及太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间的相互作用;总结了地震层析成像结果;计算了俯冲板块在地幔中引起的Ｐ波速度异常,提出了俯冲板块与６６０ｋｍ间断面相互作用的４种可能;研究了俯冲板块物理性质的变化、俯冲板块产生的负浮力及其影响因素;提出需要开展俯冲带对东亚大陆构造运动和演化的影响、俯冲带相互关系及演化的研究．