中型浅水湖泊人工施化肥技术及其效果研究

本文根据1986—1988年3年来对珊珀湖人工施化肥的效果和对水体N、P运动的动力学观察写成,论述中型、浅水、有机质丰富的老年湖泊的浮游生物繁殖高峰期(6、7、8、9月)进行人工定点、定时、定量、分批施化肥,是改善湖泊水质,使水体从严重缺磷(N∶P=223.8∶1)改变为缺磷(N∶P=6.6∶1)的有效途径。可以增加N、P含量、改变浮游生物群落结构,加快浮游生物的繁衍,从而提高水体的初级生产力及其对滤食性鱼类的负载力,进而提高湖泊的经济,社会效益。     

Comparison of dissolution under oxic acid drainage conditions for eight sedimentary and hydrothermal pyrite samples

The abiotic oxidative dissolution behaviors of eight natural pyrite samples, five sedimentary and three hydrothermal, from various geological environments were compared under oxic conditions at pH 3 and 6 in a highly controlled batch reactor dissolution system. The three sedimentary pyrite samples associated with coal had greater specific surface areas and also exhibited greater apparent dissolution rates and extent than the other two sedimentary and three hydrothermal samples under both pH conditions. However, after normalizing for surface area, the dissolution rate constants for the different pyrite samples were similar; the greatest difference was between the two non-coal sedimentary pyrite samples. Pyrite morphology and the presence of trace metals could contribute to the differences in dissolution behavior as reflected in the normalized dissolution rates. The sulfur:iron ratio observed in the aqueous solution at pH 3 increased with time, but was always less than 2.0 (predicted from the stoichiometry of dissolution) for all the pyrite samples during the 24-h experimental duration. This can be explained by the disproportionation dissociation of thiosulfate, an initial product of pyrite dissolution, to elemental sulfur and sulfate which does not occur in a 1:1 ratio. The results of this work indicate the importance of extracting and using the specific pyrite(s) relevant to particular mining areas in order to understand pyrite dissolution rates and the influence of environmental conditions on those rates.     

新版渔业用图的设计

新版渔业用图在数学基础的确定、表示的主要内容和生产方式上都发生了一定变化,针对新版渔业用图的设计特点,介绍了其表示的主要内容、数据结构设计以及版面设计方法.     

基于GDS室温条件下盐渍土强度特性的试验研究

以新疆(北疆)地区S201公路沿线的盐渍土为研究对象,通过三轴剪切试验对盐渍土的强度特性进行了较系统的研究。试验结果表明,盐渍土与非盐渍土在力学性能上没有本质的区别,即应力-应变曲线大致都呈双曲线型,抗剪强度与破坏面上的法向应力成正比,且符合库伦定律;含水量和含盐量的变化导致试样发生的破坏形式不同。在含水量低和含盐量高时,试件具有脆性破坏的特征,在含水量高和含盐量低时逐渐显示出塑性特征;含水量和含盐量的变化对盐渍土的强度参数有重要影响,其中对粘聚力C的影响较大,表现较明显,而内摩擦角仅对含水量的变化表现敏感;极限强度与含水量和含盐量之间的关系符合二次抛物线变化规律,在不同应力作用下,抛物线形式不同。     

FOOD HABITS AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF STOMACH CONTENTS OF TONGUE SOLE CYNOGLOSSUS SEMILAEVIS (GUNTHER) IN THE BOHAI SEA

Examination of the food habits and seasonal variation of the stomach contents of adult tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevisGunther) taken in July 1982-July 1983 from Laizhou Bay and the Huanghe River estuary of the Bohai Sea showed Crustacea, bivalvia and small fishes comprised the main prey. Invertebrates such as polychaeta, cephalopoda, gastropoda, echinodermata and actiniaria were also intermittently found in them. They intensively fed all the year round (monthly feeding rate of over 80%). The main food items were Alpheus japonica, Alpheus distinguendus, Oratosquilla oratorio, Eucrate crenata and Carcinoplax vestitus, etc. In summer and autumn, the portion of bivalvia such as Cultellus attenuatus and Musculus senhousei increased steadily. From summer to winter, a stable proportion of small fishes such as Rhinogobius pflaumi and Setipinna taty was in the diet.     

DNA-based identification methods of prey fish from stomach contents of 12 species of eastern North Pacific groundfish

Stomach content analysis of eastern North Pacific groundfish has been conducted routinely by researchers interested in understanding trophic interactions between key predator species and their prey. Identification of prey by traditional morphological methods has limitations however, due to the loss of identifiable characters from digestion and morphological similarities between taxa. Furthermore, some forage fish (e.g., osmerids, ammodytids, and juvenile gadids), common prey of Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska groundfish, are difficult to distinguish because of their slender or fusiform shape, disarticulating easily during digestion. DNA-based identification methods were developed to differentiate among 18 fish species, some that are found at depths greater than 200 m, from four taxonomic families: Ammodytidae and Osmeridae (forage fish), Pleuronectidae (flatfish), and Gadidae (gadid fish). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 739 basepair section of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I and an 862 basepair section of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b was followed by restriction digest assays and resulted in species level resolution for 16 of 18 species of interest. PCR restriction digest assays applied to fish prey from stomach contents of groundfish indicated the presence of several target species, eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), searcher (Bathymaster signatus), rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata), yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera) and either Bering flounder (Hippoglossoides robustus) or flathead sole (H. elassodon). The PCR restriction digest protocols improved the identification rate of predated fish from stomach contents compared to identification by conventional taxonomic methods alone, and DNA sequence analysis further resolved identification of unknown prey fish samples.     

辽宁春玉米出苗期水分胁迫试验初探

以丹玉39为试验材料,采用盆栽实验方法,研究辽宁春玉米25%、35%、45%、55%、65%、75%、85%、95%共8种供水处理条件下的玉米出苗率及玉米根系和叶片对水分胁迫的响应,旨在探索辽宁春玉米播种和出苗期间水分胁迫对玉米出苗及生长发育的影响,分析不同水分胁迫对其影响的程度。结果表明：玉米出苗率在中度到重度干旱条件下(<45%),为不能播种指标;在轻度干旱条件下(55%),为非经济播种指标;在适宜土壤水分条件下(65%—75%),为适宜播种指标;在85%左右时也为适宜播种指标;在偏湿条件下(95%),为可播种指标。玉米出苗期间,水分胁迫对玉米植株和根系的生长发育有较大影响,对根系影响比对植株的影响更显著。     

科学地理学的理论基础及其研究内容与学科性质

在科学与技术是不同的知识形态,科学史研究的地理思潮转向,地理学向“软”的一面转向并关注社会,科学史研究的地理思潮倾向于关注“社会→地理→科学”关系的历史解释,地理学家在科学史的地理解释思想上的贡献等理论基础上,拙文主要阐述科学地理学这一新学科在建构“科学—地理—社会”关系体系上的独特性:①建构关注过去的、现在的及未来的“社会→地理→科学”关系;②践行“以任务带动学科”和“任务学科并重”的地理学发展方略,主要建构“科学→地理→社会”关系;③聚焦于科学活动因素的区域性,注重区域相关性分析方法论。基于这种独特性和地理学方法论精髓,科学地理学研究的内容体系包括:①科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构;②科学研究及其组织与传播的时空结构与地理环境、经济、技术、社会、文化等结构要素的时空结构及其相互关系;③科学研究及其组织与传播对自然景观、社会景观、文化景观等的影响;④科学研究及其组织与传播对“人地关系地域系统”演进的影响。科学地理学的理论基础、建构“科学—地理—社会”关系的独特性和研究内容决定了科学地理学的交叉性、综合性和区域性,这与地理学特征是一致的,促进着现代地理学微观上的“深”化发展和宏观上的“综合”发展。     

土壤表层与深层元素含量比值系数研究

通过研究元素含量在土壤表层和深层的比值,可以了解土壤表层元素含量的富集特征、成因和对环境的影响.将土壤中部分元素表层含量与深层含量进行了对比,统计、研究了比值系数及其分布特征,并对元素Cd区域性富集特征进行了探讨.指出成土母岩、元素化学特性、pH值、人类活动等对土壤中元素含量的富集具有重要的影响作用,应以地质、地球化学、人类活动等综合因素来研究土壤中元素含量的变化.     

厚壳贻贝性腺不同发育时期肥满度与生化成分分析

为研究厚壳贻贝性腺发育不同时期的营养物质积累和消耗规律,本文分析测定了3个年龄组的厚壳贻贝在性腺发育5个时期的肥满度、含水量及生化成分。结果表明:(1)相同发育时期的肥满度和含水量组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但在不同发育时期存在显著差异(P＜0.05);成熟期的肥满度最高,为17.76%~19.21%,约为休止期最低时的3.15倍;含水量则正好相反,以休止期最高,为93.29%~95.32%,约为成熟期最低时的1.15倍。(2)总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和灰分在不同发育时期均有显著差异(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在成熟期达到峰值,粗蛋白为72.01%,粗脂肪为13.52%,两者分别在休止期和增殖期最低;总糖含量在排放期最高为13.56%,灰分含量以休止期最高为7.59%,两者均以成熟期含量最低。(3)蛋白质的积累与消减正好与肥满度的变化相吻合,证实厚壳贻贝在性腺发育过程中吸收并贮存大量营养物质,使肥满度逐渐升高,随配子的排放肥满度急剧下降。