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Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The aim of this study was to determine the extent Nephrops consumes plastics in the Clyde Sea and if this intake occurs through their diet. Plastic contamination was found to be high in Nephrops, 83% of the animals sampled contained plastics (predominately filaments) in their stomachs. Tightly tangled balls of plastic strands were found in 62% of the animals studied but were least prevalent in animals which had recently moulted. No significant difference in plastic load was observed between males and females. Raman spectroscopy indicated that some of the microfilaments identified from gut contents could be sourced to fishing waste. Nephrops fed fish seeded with strands of polypropylene rope were found to ingest but not to excrete the strands. The fishery for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is the most valuable in Scotland and the high prevalence of plastics in Nephrops may have implications for the health of the stock.     

浙江省瑞安市耕作层土壤养分元素有效态含量空间变异特征及其影响因素

综合采用地统计学、GIS和传统统计分析方法,研究了瑞安市耕作层土壤9种养分元素有效态含量空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果显示,研究区耕作层土壤碱解氮呈西高东低的分布趋势,速效钾、有效硼、有效锰、有效钼、有效铜和有效锌呈西低东高的分布趋势,有效磷呈东西高、中间低的分布趋势,有效铁分布均匀;研究区中西部耕作层有效硼较缺乏,东部碱解氮较缺乏,中部有效磷较缺乏,其他地区9种养分元素有效态含量均达到中等以上;半方差函数分析显示有效锰和有效铁为强空间相关性,碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效钼、有效铜和有效锌为中等空间相关性,有效硼为弱空间相关性。研究认为,中性或是弱碱性、含盐量较高且阳离子较活跃的土壤环境有利于速效钾和有效硼富集,酸性或弱酸性和有机质含量较高的土壤有利于碱解氮和有效铁富集;速效钾、有效钼、有效硼、有效铜和有效锌含量的控制因素相似,主要受成土母质、土壤类型以及地形地貌等结构性因素和施肥、耕作等随机性因素的双重影响,而碱解氮、有效铁、有效磷和有效锰的含量分布主要受成土母质、土壤类型以及地形地貌等结构性因素的影响。     

MATLAB在碎屑沉积岩矿物含量计算中的应用

岩石学与地球化学研究中,岩石中矿物含量的确定是一项重要的基础工作,传统测定主要依赖偏光显微镜镜下观察统计或进行编程计算,效率较低。通过实例介绍了使用MATLAB工具箱中非负线性最小二乘法根据岩石化学与镜下观察到的矿物种类对碎屑沉积岩中矿物含量进行定量计算的应用。计算结果表明,使用这种计算方法对岩石矿物含量的计算结果明显比显微镜下统计的更准确、快速,值得推广应用。在使用同时,也要注意合适的矿物化学组成的正确选取,以保证计算的真实有效。     

三门湾主要经济贝类胃含物中微、小型藻类组成

本文对采自三门湾泥滩、沙滩、岩礁潮间带的主要经济贝类彩虹明樱蛤、缢蛏、僧帽牡蛎、青蚶、光滑河篮蛤胃含物中的微、小型藻类组成进行了鉴定分析。结果表明, 5种经济贝类胃含物中共鉴定出微、小型藻类143种,其中,硅藻占75.5%;甲藻占12.6%;绿藻门和金藻门占5.6%;蓝藻门和隐藻占4.2%;其他类占2.1%。胃含物中出现的细胞个体中,小于20μm的主要微型藻类是中肋骨条藻、盔状舟形藻、尤氏直链藻、小环藻、海链藻等;细胞个体大于20μm的主要小型藻类是琼氏圆筛藻、海生斑条藻、短柄曲壳藻、钝角齿状藻等。     

Deposition rates, mixing intensity and organic content in two contrasting submarine canyons

The hydrographically different conditions characterising the Western Iberian Margin (NE Atlantic) and the Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean) may play an important role in determining the biogeochemical characteristics of the sediments. To investigate this, we compared the Nazaré and Cap de Creus canyons, and their respective adjacent open slopes in terms of the organic carbon (C_org) contents, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations, C:N and chl-a:phaeopigment ratios, and also in terms of modelled mixing intensities, chl-a and ²¹⁰Pb deposition and background concentrations in sediments. Chlorophyll-a and ²¹⁰Pb profiles were fitted simultaneously with a reactive transport model to estimate mixing intensity, deposition and background concentrations. Further, to account for the possibility that the decay of chl-a may be lower in the deep sea than in shallow areas, we estimated the model parameters with two models. In one approach (model 1), the temperature dependent decay rate of chl-a as given by Sun et al. [Sun, M.Y., Lee, C., Aller, R.C. (1993) Laboratory Studies of Oxic and Anoxic Degradation of chlorophyll-a in Long-Island sound sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 147-157] for estuaries was used. In the other approach (model 2), an extra parameter was estimated to derive the chlorophyll-a degradation rate. An F-test, taking into account the different number of parameters in the models, was used to single out the model that significantly fitted the data best. In most cases, the model parameters were best-explained with model 1, indicating the empirical relationship by Sun et al. (1993) is a valid means to estimate the chlorophyll-a degradation rate in deep sea sediments. To assess the robustness with which the model parameters were estimated we provide a first application of Bayesian analysis in the modelling of tracers in sediments. Bayesian analysis allows calculating the mean and standard deviation for each model parameter and correlations among parameters. The model parameters for stations for which ²¹⁰Pb and chlorophyll-a profiles were available were robustly fitted as evidenced by an average coefficient of variation of 0.22. C_org contents, chl-a concentrations, chl-a:phaeo ratios, mixing intensities, depositions and background concentrations of chl-a and ²¹⁰Pb indicated that the Cap de Creus canyon and adjacent slope were less active in terms of organic matter accumulation and burial than the Nazaré canyon and respective open slope.     

Modelling hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg,Germany

Abstract

The study analyses a 2-year period of hourly rates of real evapotranspiration (ETr) derived from eddy covariance measurements and soil water contents at depths from 8 to 90 cm, monitored by time domain reflectometry probes at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg of the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory – Richard-Aßmann-Observatory, operated by the German Meteorological Service (DWD). The ETr rates and soil water contents were compared with the results of a modelling approach consisting of the Penman-Monteith equation and the soil water balance model Hydrus-1D using a noncompensatory and a compensatory root-water uptake model. After optimization of soil hydraulic parameters by inverse modelling, using measured soil water contents as the objective function, simulated and measured model outputs showed good agreement for soil water contents above 90 cm depth and for ETr rates simulated by our modelling approaches using noncompensatory root-water uptake. The application of a compensatory root-water uptake model led to a decrease in the simulation quality for the total investigation period.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Wegehenkel, M. and Beyrich, F., 2014. Modelling of hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg, Germany. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (2), 376–394.     

大叶藻的热值和元素含量(碳、氮、磷)及其相关性 *

提要:选取辽宁獐子岛近岸海域大叶藻样品,对其根系、根状茎和不同生长阶段叶片的灰分含量、热值和元素含量(碳、氮、磷)及其相关性进行研究,结果表明：在不同生长阶段,叶片长度随着生长顺序先增大后减小;灰分含量随着叶片生长逐渐升高,且极显著小于根状茎和根系(P<0.01);不同部位干质量热值差异极显著(P<0.01),以初生叶最高,为14894.36±40.25 Jg-1,后逐渐减小,在根系中最小,为8153.81±78.91 Jg-1;不同生长阶段叶片的去灰分热值差异不大,但大于根系和根状茎;碳氮磷含量均呈同一趋势：初生叶>幼叶>成熟叶1>成熟叶2>衰老叶>根状茎>根系;N/P比值为12.23,说明大叶藻存在N限制;N/P比值在根状茎中最大,根系中最小,这说明大叶藻存在能量的转移和存贮;大叶藻不同部位灰分含量与干质量热值、去灰分热值、碳含量、氮含量、磷含量之间呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01),干质量热值与碳含量、氮含量、磷含量之间呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01);大叶藻不同部位的热值与碳氮磷元素含量之间均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.05)。     

Diets of alpine galaxias (Galaxias paucispondylus Stokell) and longjawed galaxias (G. prognathus Stokell) in a South Island,New Zealand,high‐country stream

Thedietsofthealpinegalaxias(Galaxias paucispondylus Stokell, 1938) and the longjawed galaxias (G. prognathus Stokell, 1940) were studied in Deep Creek, a high‐country stream in the central South Island of New Zealand. Both species are small, slender fish with entirely freshwater life cycles. Their diets were very similar and consisted of aquatic invertebrates, dominated by the larvae of Deleatidium spp. (Ephemeroptera), Hydrobiosis spp. (Trichoptera), and Chironomidae (Diptera). Although diets partly reflected what was available in the stream, both fish selected soft‐bodied prey in preference to cased or harder shelled prey. Both species are probably nocturnal feeders.     

论地缘政治学的核心——地理要素

近代以来,以领土为物质基础的民族或者国家间的竞争和合作均发生在特定的地理空间之内。人们对地理空间与民族或者国家间相互关系影响的认识反映在国际关系理论中。就是地缘政治学,换言之,地缘政治是在对国际上各种政治力量及其相互关系进行地理空间分析的基础上,为维护国家利益制定适当的对外政策和战略的一种理论。地缘政治最基本的内核是地理要素．即地理位置、国土幅员、邻国、地形与气候、资源以及距离等。科学认识地缘政治学基本的地理要素．是正确把握、运用地缘政治学的先决条件。