渤海石油污染:来自表层沉积物中生物标志物的证据

通过对渤海表层沉积物中饱和烃的分布、来源和分子组成特征的系统分析,探讨了沉积物中生物标志物对石油污染的指示意义。研究表明,沉积物中色谱不可分辨的混合物(UCM)和正构烷烃的分布及组成特征显示出沉积物不同程度地受到了石油烃输入和细菌微生物作用的影响,其中以渤海湾沿岸区域最为明显。渤海湾近岸区和黄河口附近沉积物中正构烷烃平均碳链长度(ACL)低于其他地区,姥鲛烷/植烷(Pr/Ph)也普遍低于1.0,表明可能受到来自于石油平台开采活动、船舶航行、河流输入的石油烃的影响。C₂₇-18α(H)-三降藿烷(Ts)与C₂₇-17α(H)-三降藿烷(Tm)的比值(Ts/Tm)、C₃₁升藿烷22S/(22S+22R)和αααC₂₉甾烷20S/(20S+20R)的比值表明该区域沉积物中有机质成熟度较高,可能受到外来石油烃输入及其衍生物的影响。通过与周边环境中生物标志物分子组成特征的对比发现,沉积物中甾烷和萜类化合物主要来源于石油及其衍生物。将饱和烃各参数进行归一化处理,得到了石油污染的综合替代性指标,并初步圈定了石油污染相对较重的区域。     

闽江下游及河口表层沉积物磁化率特征及其环境意义

闽江是中国东南沿海最大的河流,具有落差大、水动力强等典型的山溪型河流特征.本研究对采自闽江流域的43个表层沉积物样品进行了磁学参数分析,结果显示,低频磁化率(χ_(lf))、高频磁化率(χ_(hf))分别为0.79×10~(-8)~24.97×10~(-8)、0.74×10~(-8)~24.80×10~(-8)m~3/kg,与长江、黄河相比低一个数量级;频率磁化率(χ_(fd))为0.06%~7.20%,大多小于5.00%,沉积物中超顺磁颗粒含量较低.χ_(lf)和χ_(fd)总体呈现从下游到河口增长的趋势,并在北港、南港、闽侯、大樟溪等人口密集区域受到不同程度的人为影响,分析表明研究区磁化率受控于源岩特征、水动力条件、沉积作用和人为活动等因素.在p0.01时,χ_(lf)与Al2O3、Fe2O3、Na2O、Mg O、Ti O_2、Ca O等氧化物显著正相关,与Si O_2显著负相关,说明其受控于源岩成分.此外,χ_(lf)与Si/Al值显著负相关,与化学风化指数(CIA)正相关,表明磁化率可以作为现代沉积物风化程度的替代指标.χ_(lf)与溶解态As含量、χ_(fd)与溶解态Cd含量均在p0.05时相关,表明磁学参数可作为指示研究区水体的As和Cd污染的参考指标.     

Environmental effects of the MV Rena shipwreck: cross-disciplinary investigations of oil and debris impacts on a coastal ecosystem

ABSTRACT

The 2011 wreck of the MV Rena off the northeast coast of New Zealand, and subsequent impacts, has been called New Zealand's worst ever maritime environmental disaster. It is certainly one of the world's most complex as it involved a pollutant combination of oil and dangerous goods debris in a dynamic oceanic environment adjacent to a pristine coastline. Heavy fuel oil, shipping containers loaded with cargo, and a wide range of wreck debris and contaminants were spread along hundreds of kilometres of coastline of the Bay of Plenty. Much of this landed on sandy beaches and rocky shores. Broken containers released often toxic substances, and the wreck itself slid down the pinnacle of the wreck site at Astrolabe Reef (Otaiti). The reef remains heavily contaminated, with substantial remnants of the ship and its cargo present, and chemical effects still evident in some species. Here we present the background and timeline of events that unfolded after the grounding. The following articles contain the results of the ensuing chemical, toxicological and ecological studies of contamination and environmental recovery. At the time of writing, numerous legacy issues remain.     

辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿田金伯利岩地质特征

辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿田位于华北陆块辽东新元古代—古生代坳陷带.矿田内金刚石矿均为金伯利岩型,目前已发现100多个金伯利岩体,提交了4个大型原生金刚石矿床和3个近源小型金刚石砂矿床,资源量占全国的一半以上.矿田内金伯利岩体成群、成带分布,有岩管也有岩脉,大小不等、形态各异.由于金伯利岩既是金刚石矿的载体,也是研究地球深部信息的重要对象,在金刚石矿勘查过程中对岩体地质特征进行了研究.本文认为,矿田内不同区域金伯利岩体受围岩成分混染的程度不同,西南部的岩群区金伯利岩体更适合用于研究深部信息;本区影响岩体形态的主要因素是断裂构造,其提供了岩浆上侵通道和就位空间,成岩后的逆冲推覆构造改造了岩体的形态.同时认为,区内控制金伯利岩浆上侵的深大断裂为古郯庐断裂.     

Future trends in transport and fate of diffuse contaminants in catchments,with special emphasis on stable isotope applications

A summary is provided of the first of a series of proposed Integrated Science Initiative workshops supported by the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme. The workshop brought together hydrologists, environmental chemists, microbiologists, stable isotope specialists and natural resource managers with the purpose of communicating new ideas on ways to assess microbial degradation processes and reactive transport at catchment scales. The focus was on diffuse contamination at catchment scales and the application of compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) in the assessment of biological degradation processes of agrochemicals. Major outcomes were identifying the linkage between water residence time distribution and rates of contaminant degradation, identifying the need for better information on compound specific microbial degradation isotope fractionation factors and the potential of CSIA in identifying key degradative processes. In the natural resource management context, a framework was developed where CSIA techniques were identified as practically unique in their capacity to serve as distributed integrating indicators of process across a range of scales (micro to diffuse) of relevance to the problem of diffuse pollution assessment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

污染水稻田中土壤含砷量的空间变异特征

利用地统计学方法研究在长期淹水和频繁干湿交替影响下污染水稻田中砷的小尺度空间分布特征。采用变异函数定量描述含砷量分布特征,用克立格插值法对表层土壤未测点的含砷量进行最优估计,并绘制含砷量等值线分布图。结果表明,来自表面污染源的砷进入农田土壤后主要积累在耕层0～20cm中,对40～80cm土壤影响不大。耕层土壤含砷量半方差值呈有规律持续增加趋势,可用直线方程很好地拟合。表层土壤含砷量存在很好的空间结构性,高砷区出现在进水口附近,并以其为中心呈斑块状向周围扩散,这表明该土壤污染是由含砷地表污水灌溉和径流所导致的二次污染     

浅谈地下水硝酸盐污染

地下水不仅是水文循环的一个重要组成部分,还是人类的一种重要淡水资源,尤其是对于郊区和农村地区的用水.现在,地表水水源普遍受到污染,人类对地下水的依赖程度不断增加.目前我国的地下水资源污染严重.全国多数城市的地下水都不同程度的受到了点源和面源污染,多种元素超标,"三氮"污染最为严重[1].通过对地下水硝酸盐污染现状、危害和来源的分析,提出地下水硝酸盐污染的控制对策.     

Identification of hydrogeochemical zones in postglacial buried valley aquifer (Wielkopolska Buried Valley aquifer,Poland)

This article presents the difficulty in identifying the hydrochemical zoning of a semi-confined aquifer, characterised by a relative small spatial differentiation of groundwater chemistry. It is shown that multivariate statistical methods can be used for the recognition and interpretation of the groundwater chemistry distribution in an aquifer. The hydrochemical zonation caused by both natural and anthropogenic processes was identified using factor analyses in combination with a classical interpretation of the hydrogeological material. The interpretation of the groundwater chemistry allows both identification of the aquifer recharge mechanism and verification of the groundwater-flow system.     

Chemical and isotopic (B, Sr) composition of alluvial sediments as archive of a past hydrothermal outflow

The geochemical and isotopic signature of Quaternary alluvial sediments filling a post-orogenic basin along the Tyrrhenian coasts of Italy (Cornia Plain, Tuscany) was investigated to unravel possible interactions with geothermal fluids from the Larderello geothermal field. Two cores located in the upper (UCP) and lower (LCP) sector of the plain were sampled to depths of up to 80 m. A third core in a neighbouring area not affected by geothermal activity was also sampled (Arno plain at Pisa), and its sediment composition was used as reference. The Cornia sediments (fraction < 65 μm) show high B, Cs and Sb concentrations related to a peculiar chemical enrichment of the clay fraction. They also show remarkable enrichments in As (up to 1000 μg g^− 1) reflecting a contribution from local ore deposits.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, ranging from 0.71022 to 0.71698, reveal the nature of the weathered mother rocks of the alluvial sediments, whereas the boron isotopic composition, varying from − 20‰ to − 10‰, suggests an interaction between the clay fraction and boron-rich fluids at temperatures greater than 50 °C. This implies that hydrothermal fluids widely circulated within the Cornia basin in the past, ultimately leading to the geochemical anomalies currently recorded in local sediments.Although natural (geogenic) in origin, these anomalies cause severe problems to the regional water management (groundwater exploitation) through leaching of trace elements into circulating groundwater, a phenomenon which has to be carefully studied and monitored.     

地下水中常见有机污染物的原位治理技术现状

随着人类活动的加剧,地下水的污染日益严重,而有机污染的调查与防治也已受到了更多的关注。国外的地下水有机污染治理技术研究和实践已有较长的历史,取得了较多的成果。主要技术方法有曝气法、生物处理法,化学氧化法、植物修复、渗透性反应墙法等。近年来,国内也开始了地下水有机污染治理的研究和试验,但尚处于起步阶段。本文以地下水中常见的有机污染物为线索,总结了它们的来源、危害及国内外治理技术的现状,以期对地下水污染的调查与治理工作有所借鉴。